Circuit Analysis II

SERIES RESONANCE
I want to express my gratitude to Prentice Hall giving me the permission
to use instructor’s material for developing this module. I would like to
thank the Department of Electrical and Telecommunications Engineering
Technology of NYCCT for giving me support to commence and
complete this module. I hope this module is helpful to enhance our
students’ academic performance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 OUTLINES
 Introduction to Series Resonance
 Series Resonance Circuit
 Quality Factor (Q)
 ZT Versus Frequency
 Selectivity

 VR, VL, and VC

Key Words: Series Resonance, Total Impedance, Quality Factor, Selectivity

ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Series Resonance Boylestad 2
 Resonance - Introduction
The resonance circuit is a combination of R, L, and C
elements having a frequency response characteristic
similar to the one appearing in Fig. 20.1. Note in the
figure that the response is a maximum for the frequency
Fr, decreasing to the right and left of the frequency. In
other words, for a particular range of frequencies, the
response will be near or equal to the maximum. When
the response is at or near the maximum, the circuit is
said to be in a state of resonance. Figure 20.1 Resonance curve.

Series Resonance – Series Resonance Circuit

A resonant circuit must have an inductive and a capacitive element. A resistive
element is always present due to the internal resistance (Rs), the internal resistance
of the response curve (Rdesign). The basic configuration for the series resonant circuit
appears in Fig. 20.2(a) with the resistive elements listed above. The “cleaner”
appearance in Fig. 20.2(b) is a result of combining the series resistive elements into
one total value. That is R = Rs + Rl + Rd
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Series Resonance Boylestad 3
The total impedance of this network at any The resonant frequency can be
frequency is determined by determined in terms of the inductance
and capacitance by examining the
ZT = R + jXL – jXC = R + j(XL – XC)
defining equation for resonance [Eq.
The resonant conditions described in the (20.2)]: XL = XC
introduction occurs when Substituti ng yields
XL = XC (20.2) 1 1
L  and  2 
C LC
removing the reactive component from the
1
total impedance equation. The total and 
impedance at resonance is then LC
1
ZTs = R or fs 
2 LC
representing the minimum value of ZT at any f  hertz ( Hz ), L  henries ( H ),
frequency. The subscript s is employed to C  farads ( F )
indicate series resonant conditions.

Boylestad
ET162 Circuit Analysis – Ohm’s Law Figure 20.2 Series resonant circuit. 4
The current through the circuit at resonance is
E0 E
I  0
R0 R
which is the maximum current for the circuit in Fig. 20.2 for an applied voltage E
since ZT is a minimum value. Consider also that the input voltage and current are
in phase at resonance.
Since the current is the same through the capacitor and inductor, the voltage across
each is equal in magnitude but 180° out of phase at resonance:
VL  ( I0)( X L 90)  IX L 90 180° out
VL  ( I0)( X C   90)  IX C   90 of phase

And, since XL = XC, the magnitude of VL equals VC at resonance; that is,

V Ls = V C s
Fig. 20.3, a phasor diagram of the voltage and Figure 20.2
current, clearly indicates that the voltage across Phasor diagram
for the series
the resistor at resonance is the input voltage, resonant circuit
and E, I, and VR are in phase at resonance. at resonance.

ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Series Resonance Boylestad 5

 The average power to the resistor at resonance is
equal to I 2R, and the reactive power to the capacitor
and inductor are I 2XC and I 2XC, respectively. The
power triangle at resonance (Fig. 20.4) shows that the
total apparent power is equal to the average power
dissipated by the resistor since QL = QC. The power
factor of the circuit at resonance is
Fp = cosθ = P/S and Fp s = 1
Figure 20.4 Power triangle for the
series resonant circuit at resonance.

Series Resonance – Quality Factor (Q)

The quality factor Q of a series resonant circuit is defined as the ratio of the reactive
power of either the inductor or the capacitor to the average power of the resistor at
resonance; that is,
Qs = reactive power / average power
The quality factor is also an indication of how much energy is placed in storage
compared to that dissipated. The lower the level of dissipation for the same reactive
power, the larger the Qs factor and the more concentrated and intense the region of
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Series Resonance Boylestad 6
 Note in Fig.20.6 that for coils of the same type, Q1
Substituting for an inductive reactance in Eq.(20.8)
drops off more quickly for higher levels of inductance,
at resonance gives us If we substitute
2
I XL X L s L  s  2 f s and then fs 
1
Qs  2
and Q s   (20.9) 2 LC
I R R R
into Eq.( 20.9), we have
If the resistor R is just the resis tan ce of the coil ( Rl ),
 s L 2f s L 2  1 
we can speak of the Q of the coil , where Qs      L
R R R  2 LC 
X L 1   L L 1 L
Qcoil  Ql  L       
Rl R  LC   L  R LC R C
providing Qs in terms of the circuit parameters.

For series resonant circuits used in communication systems ,

is usually greater than 1. By applying the voltage divider
Irule to the circuit in Fig .20.2, we obtain
X LE X LE
VL   (at resonance )
ZT R
XCE XCE
and V Ls  Qs E or VC  
ZT R
and VCs  Qs E
Figure 20.6 Q1 versus frequency for a series of
inductor of similar construction.

ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Series Resonance Boylestad 7

 Series Resonance – ZT Versus Frequency
The total impedance of the series R  L  C circuit in Fig.20.2 at any
frequency is determined by
Z T  R  jX L  jX C or Z T  R  j(X L  X C )
The magnitude of the impedance Z T versus frequency is determined by
Z T  R 2  (X L  X C ) 2

The total-impedance-versus-frequency curve for the

series resonant circuit in Fig. 20.2 can be found by
applying the impedance-versus-frequency curve for
each element of the equation just derived, written in
the following form:
Z T ( f )  [ R ( f )]2  [ X L ( f )  X C ( f )]2
Where ZT(f) “means” the total impedance as a function
of frequency. For the frequency range of interest, we Figure 20.8 Resistance versus frequency.
assume that the resistance R does not change with
frequency, resulting in the plot in Fig.20.8.
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Series Resonance Boylestad 8
The curve for the inductance, as determined by the
reactance equation, is a straight line intersecting the origin
with a slope equal to the inductance of the coil. The
mathematical expression for any straight line in a two-
dimensional plane is given by
y = mx + b
Thus, for the coil,
1 1
XC  or XC f 
XL = 2π fL + 0 = (2πL)(f) + 0 2fC 2C
Figure 20.9 Inductive reactance versus frequency.
y= m∙x+b
(where 2πfL is the slope), producing the results shown in
Fig. 20.9.
For the capacitor,
which becomes yx = k, the equation for a hyperbola, where
y(variable)  X C
x(variable)  f
1
k(variable) 
2πC Figure 20.10 Capacitive reactance versus
frequency.
The hyperbolic curve for XC(f) is plotted in Fig.20.10. In
particular, note its very large magnitude at low frequencies
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Power for AC Circuits Boylestad 9
If we place Figs.20.9 and 20.10 on the same set of axes, we
obtain the curves in Fig.20.11. The condition of resonance
is now clearly defined by the point of intersection, where
XL = XC. For frequency less than Fs, it is also quite clear
that the network is primarily capacitive (XC > XL). For
frequencies above the resonant condition, XL > XC, and
network is inductive.
Z T ( f )  [ R ( f )] 2  [ X L ( f )  X C ( f )] 2 Figure 20.11 Placing the frequency response of
Applying the inductive and capacitive reactance of a series
 [ R ( f )]2  [ X ( f )]2 R-L-C circuit on the same set of axes.

to the curves in Fig.20.11, where X(f) = XL(f) – XC(f), we

obtain the curve for ZT(f) as shown in Fig.20.12.The
minimum impedance occurs at the resonant frequency and
is equal to the resistance R.
The phase angle associated with the total impedance
(X  X C )
is   tan 1 L
R
Figure 20.12 ZT versus frequency for the series
resonant circuit.
At low frequencies, XC > XL, and θ approaches –90°
(capacitive), as shown in Fig.20.13, whereas at high
frequencies, XL > XC, and θ approaches 90°. In general,
therefore,
f  ffor
s :
anetwork
series resonant
capacitivecircuit:
; I leads E
f  f s : network capacitive ; E leads I
ETf 242
 fCircuit
s : network
Analysis IIcapacitive
– Power for ;AC
E Circuits
and I are in phase Boylestad
Figure 10
20.13 Phase plot for the series resonant circuit.
 Series Resonance – Selectivity
If we now plot the magnitude of the current I = E/ZT versus frequency for a fixed
applied voltage E, we obtain the curve shown in Fig. 20.14, which rises from zero
to a maximum value of E/R and then drops toward to zero at a slower rate than it
rose to its peak value.
There is a definite range of frequencies at which
the current is near its maximum value and the
impedance is at a minimum. Those frequencies
corresponding to 0.707 of maximum P  current
1
P areP
where HPF max max
2
 I max R
2
called the band frequencies, cutoff frequencies,
half-power frequencies, or corner frequencies.
They are indicated by f1 and f2 in Fig.20.14. The
range of frequencies between the two is referred Figure 20.14 I versus frequency for the series
to as bandwidth (BW) of the resonant circuit. resonant circuit.

Half-power frequencies are those frequencies at which the power delivered is one-
half that delivered at the resonant frequency; that is

ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Power for AC Circuits Boylestad 11

Since the resonant circuit is adjusted to select a band of
frequencies, the curve in Fig.20.14 is called the selective
curve. The term is derived from the fact that on must be
selective in choosing the frequency to ensure that is in the
bandwidth. The smaller bandwidth, the higher the
selectivity. The shape of the curve, as shown in Fig.
20.15, depends on each element of the series R-L-C
circuit. If resistance is made smaller with a fixed
inductance and capacitance, the bandwidth decreases and
the selectivity increases.
The bandwidth (BW) is fs
fs  f1 f 2 BW 
Qs
It can be shown through mathematical manipulations of
the pertinent equations that the resonant frequency is
related to the geometric mean of the band frequencies;
that is
Figure 20.15 Effect of R, L, and C on the
selectivity curve for the series resonant
circuit.

ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Series Resonance Boylestad 12

 Series Resonance – VR, VL, and VC
Plotting the magnitude (effective value) of the voltage VR, VL, and VC and the current I versus
frequency for the series resonant circuit on the same set of axes, we obtain the curves shown in
Fig.20.17. Note that the VR curve has the same shape as the I curve and a peak value equal to the
magnitude of the input voltage E. The VC curve build up slowly at first from a value equal to the
input voltage since the reactance of the capacitor is infinite (open circuit) at zero frequency and
reactance of the inductor is zero (short circuit) at this frequency.
For the condition Qs ≥ 10, the curves in Fig.20.17
appear as shown in Fig.20.18. Note that they each
peak at the resonant frequency and have a similar
shape.
In review,
1. VC and VL are at their maximum values at or near Figure 20.17 VR, VL, VC, and I versus
frequency for a series resonant circuit.
resonance. (depending on Qs).
2. At very low frequencies, VC is very close to the
source voltage and VL is very close to zero volt,
whereas at very high frequencies, VL approaches the
source voltage and VC approaches zero volts.
3. Both V and I peak at the resonant frequency and
Figure 20.18 VR, VL,Boylestad
ET 242RCircuit Analysis II – Parallel ac circuits analysis VC, and I for a series resonant circuit where Qs ≥ 10.
13
Ex. 20-1
a. For the series resonant circuit in Fig.20.19, find I, VR, VL, and VC at resonance.
b. What is the Qs of the circuit?
c. If the resonant frequency is 5000Hz, find the bandwidth.
d. What is the power dissipated in the circuit at the half-power frequencies?

a. Z Ts  R  2
E 10V0
I   5 A0
Z Ts 20
V R  E  10V0 Figure 20.19 Example 20.1.
V L  ( I0)( X L 90)
X L 10 
 (5 A0)(1090) b. Qs   5
R 2
 50V90 f 5000Hz
c. BW  f 2  f 1  s   1000 Hz
VC  ( I0)( X C   90) Qs 5
 (5 A0)(10  90) 1 1 2 1
d . PHPF  Pmax  I max R   (5 A) 2 (2 )  25 W
 50V  90 2 2 2

ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Series Resonance Boylestad 14

Ex. 20-2 The bandwidth of a series resonant circuit is 400 Hz.
a. If the resonant frequency is 4000 Hz, what is the value of Q s?
b. If R = 10Ω, what is the value of XL at resonance?
c. Find the inductance L and capacitance C of the circuit.
fs fs 4000Hz
a. BW  or Qs    10
Qs BW 400Hz a. Qs  X L 
300
 60 and BW 
f s 12,000Hz
  200 Hz
R 5 Qs 60
X
b. Qs  L or X L  Qs R  (10)(10) b.100 Qs  10, the bandwidth is bi sec ted by
Since f s . Therefore ,
R BW
f2  fs   12,000 Hz  100Hz  12,100Hz
XL 100 2
c. X L  2f s L or L  and
 3.98 Hz BW  12,000Hz  100Hz  11,900Hz
f1  f s 
2f s 2 (4000Hz ) 2
1 1 1
XC  or C    397.89 nF
2f s C 2f s X C 2 (4000Hz )(100)

Ex. 20-3 A series R-L-C circuit has a series resonant frequency of 12,000 Hz.
a. If R = 5Ω, and if XL at resonance is 300Ω, find the bandwidth.
c. Find the cutoff frequencies.

ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Series Resonance Boylestad 3

Ex. 20-4
a. Determine the Qs and bandwidth for the response curve in Fig.20.20.
b. For C = 101.5 nF, determine L and R for the series resonant circuit.
c. Determine the applied voltage.

Figure 20.20 Example 20.4.

a. The resonant frequency is 2800Hz. At 0.707 times the peak value,

fs 2800Hz
BW  200Hz and Qs    14
BW 200Hz
1 1 1
b. fs  or L 2 2
 2 2
 31.83mH
2 LC 4 f s C 4 (2.8kHz) (101.5nF )
X X 2 (2800Hz )(31.832mH )
Qs  L or R  L   40 
R Qs 14
E
c. I max  or E  I max R  (200mA)(40)  8 V
R
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Series Resonance Boylestad 16
Ex. 20-5 A series R-L-C circuit is designed to resonate at ωs = 105 rad/s, have a
bandwidth of 0.15ωs, and draw 16 W from a 120 V source at resonance.
a. Determine the value of R.
b. Find bandwidth in hertz.
c. Find the nameplate values of L and C.
d. Determine the Qs of the circuit.
e. Determine the fractional bandwidth.
E2 E 2 (120V ) 2
a. p and R   900
R p 16W
 s 10 5 rad / s
b. f s    15,915.49 Hz
2 2
BW  0.15 f s  0.15(15,915.49 Hz )  2387.32 Hz
R R 900
c. BW  and L    60 mH
2L 2 BW 2 (2387.32 Hz )
1 1 1
fs  and C  2 2
 2 2 3
 1.67 nF
2 LC 4 f s L 4 (15,915.49 Hz ) (60  10 )

X L 2f s L 2 (15,915.49 Hz )(60mH )

d . Qs     6.67
R R 900
f 2  f 1 BW 1 1
e.     0.15
fs fs Qs 6.67
ET 242 Circuit Analysis II – Series Resonance Boylestad 17