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Transmission Line Performance Analysis (Modeling)

This document discusses the characteristics and performance analysis of power transmission lines. It covers topics such as voltage drop, line loss, voltage regulation, line efficiency, and classifications of overhead transmission lines as short, medium, or long depending on distance and voltage level. The performance of transmission lines is influenced by resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. Short and medium lines can be modeled using lumped parameter models while long lines require distributed parameter models. Examples are provided to analyze transmission line performance under different load conditions.

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Elias Beyene
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128 views40 pages

Transmission Line Performance Analysis (Modeling)

This document discusses the characteristics and performance analysis of power transmission lines. It covers topics such as voltage drop, line loss, voltage regulation, line efficiency, and classifications of overhead transmission lines as short, medium, or long depending on distance and voltage level. The performance of transmission lines is influenced by resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. Short and medium lines can be modeled using lumped parameter models while long lines require distributed parameter models. Examples are provided to analyze transmission line performance under different load conditions.

Uploaded by

Elias Beyene
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Characteristic and performance of power

transmission lines
Introduction
 This chapter deals with characteristics and performance analysis of
transmission lines under normal operating conditions.

 The important considerations on designing and performance analysis of


transmission line depends on determination of:

Voltage drop
Line loss
Line efficiency
Voltage regulation
Transmission line loss
 Voltage drop on transmission line: is the difference between sending end
voltage and receiving end voltage.

 Transmission line loss: depends on the line resistance.


Voltage regulation (V.R)

 A current carrying transmission line obviously has a voltage drop


in the line due to impedance (R & L) of the line. (I.Z)
 As a result receiving end voltage is different from sending end
voltage.
 Voltage Regulation (V.R): is the difference in voltage at receiving
of a transmission line between no-load and full load conditions.
Transmission line efficiency

 Transmission line Efficiency (): is the ratio of receiving end


power to sending end power of transmission line.

 It can be expressed as:


 The performance of Transmission lines are greatly influenced by R, L,C G.

 The parameters are represented by a "per-phase" basis

 Usually, the three-phase voltage and currents are reduced to an equivalent


single-phase system.
Classifications of Overhead Transmission line

 Depending on their distances and voltage level, Transmission lines are

classified as:

Short Transmission line (up to 80km)

 Medium Transmission line (80km – 240km)

 Long Transmission line (beyond 240km)


 Short Transmission line

 less than 80km (50mile) long and operating voltage of less than 20kv.

 The capacitance effect are extremely small &neglected.

 performance of S.T.L depends on resistance and inductance of the line.

 Though in actual line the resistance and inductance are distributed along the
line,

 The total line resistance and inductances are assumed to be lumped at one
place in short and medium line modeling's.
 Hence, the equivalent circuit of short transmission line is a series
circuit consists of per unit Resistance (R) and inductance (L).
Two port network

 A transmission line on a per phase basis can be represented as a two-port network,

 the sending end voltage Vs and current, Is are related to the receiving-end voltage

Vr and current Ir through ABCD constants as:


ABCD Parameters (Constants)
 As a two port network, transmission lines are represented by
ABCD parameters.

 Hence the above VS = VR + ZIR & IS = IR short transmission


lines equations should has to be expressed in standard format
as:

 Where, A = D =1, B =Z & C= 0


Performance analysis of short Transmission line

 For lagging pf:


 An increase in a PF, will slightly increases the load and the
received voltage decreases. as a result, current lags the voltage

Vs = VR + jXLI
 for Unity pf

 for unity pf VR and VS are equal in


magnitude
 Current and voltage are in phase

 for Leading pf
 Finally, an increase in a load with
leading PF increases the received
(terminal) voltage of the transmission

line.
 Now consider a lagging pf:
 Power sent =

 Power delivered = Line loss =

 Power factor =

 Voltage Regulation =

 Efficiency =
 Medium Transmission line
 80km to 240km (50 -150 mile) and line voltages between 20kv to 100kv

 Here the capacitance effect are considered.

 The capacitances, inductances and resistances are distributed along the line, it is
assumed to be at one/two points.

 There are two ways of modeling Medium Transmission lines:

Nominal T – modeling
Nominal p- modeling
Nominal T- modeling

 Capacitors are assumed to be concentrated to the center of the line

 Resistance and impedances are concentrated to both endings.


Finally, the ABCD parameter of T–modeled Medium transmission line is:
Nominal  - modeling of transmission line

 Impedance is assumed to be lumped at the center


 Capacitance are lumped at the two ending points.
Generally, the ABCD parameter of –modeled Medium transmission line is:
Performance analysis of medium line
 Long line Transmission line

 beyond 240km and100kv

 Unlike the two transmission lines, impedances and admittances are


considered to be distributed (not lumped) along the line length.

 Hence rigorous (exact) methods are employed to find the solutions.


Let us consider two wire distributed parameter

29
From KVL ,we can write

As

From KCL ,we can write

As
Let

The solution for the above second order derivation will be:

where is propagation constant given by:


The current is given by:

Where is characteristics impedance given by:

when x=0 and V(x)=VR


 And also x=0 and I(x)=IR
Rearranging the above equation to write in standard ABCD parameter

Therefore X=L, V(L)=Vs, I(L)=Is


Exercise 1:
 A 220 kV, three phase transmission line is 40 km long. The resistance per
phase is 0.15Ω per km and the inductance per phase is 1.3263 mH. The shunt
capacitance is negligible. Use the short line model to find the voltage and
power at the sending end and the voltage regulation and efficiency when the
line is supplying three phase load of:
a) 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kV.
b) 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor leading at 220 kV
Exercise 2:
 A 345 kV three phase line is 130 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.036Ω
per km and the inductance per phase is 0.8 mH per km. The shunt capacitance
is 0.0112 μF per km. The receiving end load is 270 MVA with 0.8 power
factor lagging at 325 kV. Use the medium line model to find the voltage and
power at the sending end and the voltage regulation.
Exercise 3:
 Consider a 500 km long line for which the per kilometer line impedance and
admittance are given respectively by z= 0.1 +j0.5145Ω and y =j3.1734×10−6mho.
Selection of Transmission Voltage

 Standard Voltage - 66,110,132, 220, 400 KV


Tolerances - ±10% up to 220 KV & ±5% for 400 KV

 Selection Criterion of Economic Voltage –


Length of line
Voltage regulation
Power loss in Transmission
Initial and operating cost
Present and future voltage in neighborhood

39
Economic Voltage of Transmission of Power

L KVA
E  5.5 
1.6 150 E = Transmission voltage (KV) (L-L).

L = Distance of transmission line in KM

KVA=Power to be transferred

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