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19.2 Using Electrical Energy

Electrical energy can be used in many ways like powering motors, lamps, and hot plates. All devices convert some electrical energy to thermal energy. Current flowing through a resistor causes it to heat up from electron collisions. Household appliances act as resistors in circuits. Power is calculated as voltage times current or current squared times resistance times time. A kilowatt-hour is the standard unit for commercial electric power sales.

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Hasan Alzaghal
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185 views16 pages

19.2 Using Electrical Energy

Electrical energy can be used in many ways like powering motors, lamps, and hot plates. All devices convert some electrical energy to thermal energy. Current flowing through a resistor causes it to heat up from electron collisions. Household appliances act as resistors in circuits. Power is calculated as voltage times current or current squared times resistance times time. A kilowatt-hour is the standard unit for commercial electric power sales.

Uploaded by

Hasan Alzaghal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 2

Using Electrical Energy


Focus Question

How do we use electrical energy?


New Vocabulary

super conductor
kilowatt-hour
Review Vocabulary

thermal energy: the sum of the kinetic energies


and potential energies of the particles
Electrical Energy, Resistance, and Power

• Energy that is supplied to a circuit can be used in


many different ways.
• Motors convert electric energy to mechanical
energy.
• Lamps change electric energy into radiant energy.
• Hot plates convert electrical energy into thermal
energy.
• All devices convert some electrical energy into
thermal energy.
Electrical Energy, Resistance, and Power

• Current moving through a resistor causes it to heat


up, because flowing electrons bump into the atoms
in the resistor.
• These collisions increase the atoms’ kinetic energy
and, thus, the temperature of the resistor.
• Household appliances act like resistors when they
are in a circuit.
Electrical Energy, Resistance, and Power

• When charge (q) moves through a resistor, its


potential difference is reduced by an amount (ΔV).
The energy change is represented by qV.
• Thus power dissipated by a resistor is P = qV/t.
Recalling that I = q/t, power dissipated by a resistor
can be written as

Power
Electrical Energy, Resistance, and Power

• The last two parts of this expression are the result of


substituting ΔV = I R and I = ΔV/R.
• A superconductor is a material with zero resistance.
• There is no restriction of current in superconductors,
so there is no potential difference (ΔV) across them.
• Because the power that is dissipated in a conductor
is given by the product I ΔV, a superconductor can
conduct electricity without loss of energy.
Electrical Energy, Resistance, and Power
SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN
Use with Example Problem 3. • Use the relationship among current,
Problem potential difference, and resistance.
A water heater operates at 240 V, and the V 240 V
resistance of its heating element is 12 Ω.
I    2.0101 A
R 12 
How much current does it demand, and how
much thermal energy will it produce in 30 • Use the relationship among energy,
minutes? current, resistance, and time.
E  Pt  I 2Rt
Response
 
2
SKETCH AND ANALYZE THE PROBLEM  2.010 A 12 3600 s
1

• List the knowns and unknowns.


 8.6 MJ
KNOWN UNKNOWN
ΔV = 240 V I=? EVALUATE THE ANSWER
• The units of energy (joules) are correct.
R = 12 Ω E=?
t = 30 min = 1800 s
Providing Electrical Energy
• Power is the rate at which energy is delivered.
When consumers pay their home electric
bills, they pay for electric energy, not power.
• A kilowatt-hour is equal to 1000 watts delivered
continuously for 3600 s (1 h), or 3.6×106 J.
Providing Electrical Energy

• Energy often must be transmitted over long


distances to reach homes and industries.
• It is desirable that the transmission occur with as
little loss to thermal energy as possible.
• To reduce this loss, either the current (I ) or the
resistance (R) must be reduced.
Providing Electrical Energy

• Because the loss of energy is proportional to the


square of the current in the conductors, it is more
important to keep the current in the transmission
lines low.
• The current is reduced without the power being
reduced by an increase in the voltage. Some long-
distance lines use voltages of more than
500,000 V.
Quiz

1. What do a space heater, a hot plate, and the


heating element in a hair dryer act like in a circuit?

A a capacitor C a battery

B a resistor CORRECT D a potentiometer


Quiz

2. Which is a correct unit for power?

A volt

B ampere

C watt CORRECT

D ohm
Quiz

3. What is the resistance in a typical superconductor?

A 0 CORRECT

B greater than zero

C more than 100 ohms

D less than zero


Quiz

4. Which unit is used for commercial sales of electrical


power to residential customers?

A mW

B kW CORRECT

C W/s

D MW

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