Title : ISDN(Integrated Services Digital

Network)

Submitted to : Sir Ihtisham Raza

Submitted by : Maham Akmal # 33
Minahil Mughal # 10
Shanza Maryam # 24
Objectives :
 History of ISDN
 What is Integrated Services Digital Network
 ISDN Channels
 ISDN Interfaces
 ISDN Devices and how they operate
 ISDN Architecture
 ISDN Reference Points
 ISDN layer specification
History:
 A long time ago, the entire telephone network was analog. This was bad,
because as a voice went farther down the line, and through more
switches, the quality became worse and worse as noise crept in. And
there was no way to eliminate the noise, no way to know what the signal
was supposed to be. Digital encoding promised a way to encode the audio
such that you'd know what the signal was supposed to be. As noise crept
in, you could eliminate it through the phone network, assuming it wasn't
worse than the variation between different digital encoding levels.

 With the transistor revolution, this theory became possible, and the
phone companies began converting their own networks over to digital.
Today, you have to search pretty hard to find a phone company
switch that isn't digital. They call their network the Integrated Digital
Network, or IDN.
 This solved many of the phone company's problems. However for a variety
of reasons, it has been attractive to make the phone network completely
digital, from end to end. For computer users, this is ideal, because we can
eliminate those clumsy modems, and will hopefully benefit from higher
speed. For the phone companies, they can eliminate the last of the noise
and loss from the audio data. And for dreamers, this will enable a wide
variety of different services to be delivered to the customer over a single
interface.
Basically ISDN is :
 ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network.
 It is a design for a completely digital telephone/telecommunications
network.
 It is designed to carry voice, data, images, video, everything you
could ever need.
 It is also designed to provide a single interface (in terms of both
hardware and communication protocols) for hooking up your phone,
your fax machine, your computer, your videophone, your video-on-
demand system (someday), and your microwave.
 ISDN is about what the future phone network, and information
superhighway, will look like (or would have looked like).
Let’s talk more about the ISDN :
 ISDN was originally envisioned as a very fast service, but this was a long time
ago when it was hoped to have fiber all the way to your house.
 It turned out that running all that fiber would be too expensive, so they
designed ISDN to run on the copper wiring that you already have.
 ISDN has been very slow in coming. The standards organizations have taken
their time in coming up with the standards.
 Things are starting to pick up, but still very slowly. ISDN is available now in
many places, but it is not widely used.
 Further most of the products and services that people have forecast for ISDN
still aren't available.
 For this reason many people say that ISDN also stands for "It Still Does
Nothing".
 ISDN is the future of the modern telephone network" especially if you mean B-
ISDN. They're just the future of different parts of the telephone network.
Channels :
 There are 3 types of channels : B , D , and H
 A 64-Kb/s Bearer (B) channel used for data. It is the basic user channel and
can carry any type of digital information in full duplex mode as long as the
required transmission rate does not exceed 64 kbps.
 A 64-Kb/s (maximum) Delta (D) channel used for signaling and control over
layers 1, 2, and 3 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. This
channel does not carry data and can be either 16 or 64 kbps, depending upon
the user’s need.
 An H channel is formed of multiple bearer (B) channels bonded together
in primary rate interface (PRI) frame in support of applications with
bandwidth requirements that exceed the B channel rate of 64 kbps.
 Hybrid channels are used for high data rate applications such as video,
teleconferencing.
Interfaces of ISDN:
The following are the interfaces of ISDN: 
 Basic Rate Interface (BRI) – 
There are two data-bearing channels (‘B’ channels) and one signaling channel
(‘D’ channel) in BRI to initiate connections. The B channels operate at a
maximum of 64 Kbps while the D channel operates at a maximum of 16 Kbps.
B channel is used for voice , calling or internet while D channel is generally
used for signaling or controlling.
 Depending on the hardware , u can connect up to eight distinct devices to
BRI.
 This is used for small organization or home office.

 
 Primary Rate Interface (PRI) – 
Primary Rate Interface service consists of a D channel and either 23
or 30 B channels depending on the country you are in. A digital pipe
with 23 B channels and one 64 Kbps D channel is present in the usual
Primary Rate Interface (PRI). Twenty-three B channels of 64 Kbps
each and one D channel of 64 Kbps equals 1.536 Mbps. The PRI
service uses 8 Kbps of overhead also. Therefore PRI requires a
digital pipe of 1.544 Mbps. 
The devices we use for ISDN :
Following are the devices that we r used for the ISDN:
 Terminal Equipment ( TE1 , TE2 ):
 a local digital device that can directly connected to the NT1 or NT2 devices is
called TE1.
 Non digital devices or analog devices that are used the connectivity of ISDN
like PCs , fax machines etc is called TE2
 Terminal Adaptors ( TA):
 A analog device that is connect to a terminal equipment (TE2).
 Network Termination (NT1 , NT2):
 The device that communicates directly with the central office switch is
called NT1.
 Network terminator 2 (NT2) is placed between an NT1 device and any
adapters or terminal equipment.
Reference points :
Reference points are used to define logical interfaces. They are, in effect , a type
of protocol used in communications. The following list contains the reference
points :
 R (Rate) defines the reference point between a TE2 device and a TA device.
 S (System) defines the reference point between a TE1 device and NT1 or NT2
device.
 T(Terminal) defines the reference point between a NT1 and NT2 devices .
 U( User interface) defines the reference point between NT1 devices and a
termination equipment. This is usually the center switch .
  The NT1 receives a U-interface connection from the telephone company and
puts out a T-interface connection for the NT2.
  An NT2 device provides an S interface.
  A terminal adapter is used to connect these devices to an ISDN and attaches
through an R interface.
ISDN Architecture :
Layer Specification :
 ISDN has been standardized in a host of different specifications from groups
such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Telcordia (formerly
Bellcore), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). 
  Several standards are associated with ISDN, but the most common standards
are as follows:
 I.430—BRI Physical Layer.
 I.431—PRI Physical Layer.
 Q.921—ISDN Data Link Layer Specification.
 Q.931—Call-Control and Signaling Specification.
 The physical layer specifications for ISDN are I.430 and I.431. They identify
the electrical, mechanical, and functional specifications of the circuits. I.430
specifies the basis for a BRI frame as 48 bits. The BRI frame is cycled at 4000
times per second, which gives a total bandwidth of 192,000 bps (48 * 4000).
Thank you