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Structural Mechanics Assignment Help

Cauchy's stress theorem relates the traction vector t on a surface to the outward unit normal vector n of that surface. It states that t is equal to the stress tensor σ multiplied by the normal vector n. Three common invariants of a stress tensor are its trace, determinant, and the sum of the principal minors. Transforming a stress tensor to its principal coordinate system diagonalizes the tensor and reveals the principal stresses. The vertical force equilibrium equation for a beam undergoing moderately large deflections is affected by the finite rotations, while the other two equations are unaffected.

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Structural Mechanics Assignment Help

Cauchy's stress theorem relates the traction vector t on a surface to the outward unit normal vector n of that surface. It states that t is equal to the stress tensor σ multiplied by the normal vector n. Three common invariants of a stress tensor are its trace, determinant, and the sum of the principal minors. Transforming a stress tensor to its principal coordinate system diagonalizes the tensor and reveals the principal stresses. The vertical force equilibrium equation for a beam undergoing moderately large deflections is affected by the finite rotations, while the other two equations are unaffected.

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Structural Mechanics Assignment Help


Problem 1: Cauchy’s Stress Theorem

Cauchy’s stress theorem states that in a stress tensor field there is


a traction vector t that linearly depends on the outward unit
normal n:
t= on
a. Express Cauchy’s stress theorem in index form.

b. Suppose the state of stress at a point in x, y, z coordinate


system is given by the matrix below. Determine the normal
stress n and the shear stress on the surface defined by .

Problem -2: Three invariants of a stress tensor

Suppose the state of stress at a point in a x, y, z coordinate system


is given by

c. Calculate the three invariants of this stress tensor.


d. Determine the three principal stresses of this stress tensor.
Problem -4: Transformation Matrix

Suppose the state of stress at a point relative to a x, y, z coordinate


system is given by:

Try to find a new coordinate system (x’, y’) that corresponds to the
principal directions of the stress tensor.

a. Find the principal stresses.


b. Determine the transformation matrix [ L ]
c. Verify

Problem -5: Beam Equilibrium

Derive the equation of force and moment equilibrium of a beam


using the equilibrium of
an infinitesimal beam element of the length dx.

Problem -6: Moderately large deflections in beams

Explain which of the three equilibrium equations below is affected


by the finite rotations
in the theory of the moderately large deflections of beam.
1. Moment equilibrium
2. Vertical force equilibrium
3. Axial force equilibrium

Problem -7:

At full draw, and archer applies a pull of 150N to the bowstring of the
bow shown in the
figure. Determine the bending moment at the midpoint of the bow.
Problem -8:

A curved bar ABC is subjected to loads in the form of two equal and
opposite force P, as shown in the figure. The axis of the bar forms a
semicircle of radius r.

Determine the axial force N, shear force V, and bending moment M


acting at a cross section defined by the angle ϴ

Problem -9:

The centrifuge shown in the figure rotates in a horizontal plane (the xy


plane) on a smooth surface about the z axis (which is vertical) with an
angular accelerationD . Each of the two arms has weight wper unit
length and supports a weight W w 2.5 L at its end.

Derive formulas for the maximum shear force and maximum bending
moment in the arms, assuming b L / 9 and c L /10
Problem -10:

A simple beam AB supports two connective loads P and 2P that


are distance d apart (see figure). The wheels may be placed at any
distance x from the left support of the beam.

(a) Determine the distance x that will produce maximum shear


force in the beam, and also determine the maximum shear
force Vmax

(b) Determine the distance that will produce the maximum


bending moment, and also draw the corresponding bending
moment diagram. (Assume P=10kN, d=2.4m, and L=12m)
Solution -1:

(a)

(b) A normal vector to a plane specified by

is given by

where f denotes the gradient


The unit vector of the surface
2x + y – 3z =9

is
The magnitude of normal stress n can be calculated by

where t is the surface tra ction vector

Then

The direction of the normal stress vector n is n


Shear stress vector can be simply calculated by subtract the
normal stress vector n from the traction vector t

Solution-2:

a) Invariants of stress tensor

Recall: these values do not change no matter the coordinate


system selected
b) Principal stresses

The eigenvalue problem for a stress tensor

is given by

Solve for, we have three eigenvalues

The principal stresses are the three eigenvalues of the


stress tensor
Solution-4:
a) Determine principal stresses
The eigenvalue problem for a stress tensor

is given by

Solve for, we have two eigenvalues

The principal stresses are the two eigenvalues of the


stress tensor
b) Determine transformation matrix

Calculate the eigenvectors for the stress tensor


Setx1 1, use the first equation

Normalize eigenvector

Transformation Matrix

b)
Verify
If we transform the given stress tensor, will we arrive at the principal
stresses?

Note: use 4 decimal places to get principal stresses

Solution-5 :

Consider an element of a beam of length dx subjected to


1. Distributed loads q
2. Shear forces V and VdV
3. Moments M and MdM
Equilibrium of forces in x and y direction

Moment equilibrium of the element at point O

From equation (*),

Substitute the above equation into the moment equilibrium


equation, we have

Ignore the second-order terms, we have


To sum up, the equations of force and moment equilibrium of a
beam are

Solution -6 :
Consider an element of a beam of length dx subjected to

1. Distributed loads q
2. Shear forces V and Vd V
3. Moments M and M dM
and under moderately large deflection
Equilibrium of forces in t direction

Note: All terms involve cos ϴ

Moment equilibrium of the element at point O

From equation (1),

Substitute the above equation into the moment equilibrium


equation, we have
Ignore the second-order terms, we have

The moment equilibrium equation is not affected by moderately


large deflection.
Force Equilibrium in x direction

The axial force equilibrium equation is not affected by


moderately large deflection.
Define effective shear force V * as the sum of the cross-sectional
shear V and the projection of the axial force into the vertical
direction
Force equilibrium in y direction

Combining equation (3), we have


use equation(2), we have the vertical force equilibrium equation

The vertical force equilibrium equation is affected by moderately


large deflection.

Solution -7:

P is the pulling force at point A and T is the tension in the string.


Force balance at point A
Free body diagram

where the tension T is projected in x and y direction as Tx and Ty.

Moment balance at point B


Finally, the bending moment at the midpoint of the bow is

Solution -8 :

The free body diagram and force balance at angle:

We can determine axial force N, shear force V according to the force


balance diagram
Moment balance at point B

We have the bending moment M acting at a cross section defined by


the angle

Solution-9:

Shear force density distribution and free body diagram:


Where weight at the tip of arm W is considered as lumped mass

Moment balance at any point of radius r

By observation maximum shear force and bending moment occurs at


r=b (closest point to the center line)
Solution-10:

a) Free body diagram:

RA RB are reaction forces.


Moment balance at point A:
Force balance in y direction

Shear force distribution

There are two possible maximum shear forces,


depending on the position of the wheels x:

Ifx0,the two possible maximum shear forces are VP


If xLd, the two possible maximum shear forces are Vmax Pmax
In the range of0dL, by observation, the maximum shear force occurs
when xLd, at the left hand side of point B.

b) From the shear force diagram, we know the bending moment


diagram could be either iorii The maximum bending moment occurs
at either point C or D. Thus we need only calculate moment at these
two points to determine the maximum bending moment.

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