Submitted By:

Manisha
MCA-I
 Operating System
Operating System(OS) is a System
Software(set of programs) that
Manages the computer hardware.
Provides basis for other application programs.
Acts as an intermediary between the user and
the hardware.

USER OS COMPUTER HARDWARE

Manisha Roll
no.=20 2
 Roles of Operating
System
 Without OS the hardware is just a dumb machine. We
need some set of programs to operate the components.
 An OS is similar to a government.
o As govt. OS performs no useful function of its own. It simply
provides an environment within which other programs can
perform useful tasks.
 Some OS are designed to be convenient and others to
be efficient.
 For example:
o For Mainframes : to optimize hardware utilization.
o For Personal computers : to support games , business
applications etc.
o For Handheld computers : to provide interactive environment.
Manisha Roll
no.=20 3
Main components of a
computer system

Manisha Roll
no.=20 4
 Components of a
computer system
Hardware: provides the basic computing
resources i.e. I/O devices , CPU , memory etc.
Application Programs: defines the ways in
which resources are used to solve user’s
problems i.e. word processors , compilers,
spreadsheets etc.
OS: controls and coordinates the use
hardware and software resources.
Users: people who interact with the system.

Manisha Roll
no.=20 5
 Main functions of OS
Managing the booting process of the system
Providing user interface to interact with the
system
Managing and maintaining data and programs
Managing memory
Configuring devices

Manisha Roll
no.=20 6
1

Manisha Roll
no.=20 7
1

Manisha Roll
no.=20 8
1

Manisha Roll
no.=20 9
2

Manisha Roll
no.=20 10
2

Manisha Roll
no.=20 11
3

Manisha Roll
no.=20 12
SINGLE TASKING OS MULTITASKING OS

Manisha Roll
no.=20 13
4

Manisha Roll
no.=20 14
5

Manisha Roll
no.=20 15
Some examples of OS

Manisha Roll
no.=20 16
OS can be classified as :

Manisha Roll
no.=20 17
Main types of OS are

Manisha Roll
no.=20 18
 Batch processing OS:
A number of similar jobs (batch) is submitted to
the CPU.
CPU accepts the jobs and place them in the job
queue.
When the processor becomes available for the job
loaded into the main memory it selects the job and
executes it.
Punched cards were used to manually operate the
system.

Manisha Roll
no.=20 19
Working of Batch
Processing OS
Submit batch job

Batch file

Batch file
queue

Memory
allocation
Primary
memory
Processor
scheduler

Processor
Manisha Roll
no.=20 Batch job complete 20
 Multiprogramming
OS :
Multiprogramming refers to
the interleaved
execution of multiple jobs
by the same computer.
Multiprogramming
increases CPU utilization
by organizing jobs such
that the CPU always has
one to execute.

Manisha Roll
no.=20 21
 Working of
Multiprogramming OS
CPU-time is divided among multiple jobs that are
residing in the main memory at the same time.
That is, while one job is waiting for I/O, the processor
can switch to the next job in the queue.

Manisha Roll
no.=20 22
 Time sharing OS
It allows multiple users to share the
computer resources simultaneously.
The OS allocates a set period of time( time
slice or quantum) to each user to access the
resources.
When this time slice expires ,the control is
passed to the next user on the system and so
on.
Time slices are ‘fairly’ distributed between the
competing jobs.
Manisha Roll
no.=20 23
Working of time
sharing OS

Active link
(in Running state)

Link in Ready state

Manisha Roll
no.=20 24
 Multitasking OS
Logical extension of multiprogramming.
 An operating system that supports multiple
processes belonging to a single user( or
multiple users) running concurrently is called
a multitasking system.
There are two types of multitasking:
1. Pre-emptive multitasking
2. Non pre-emptive multitasking

Manisha Roll
no.=20 25
Types of multitasking
 Pre-emptive multitasking-
A user process must voluntarily give up the CPU to
the next process.
 Non pre-emptive(co-operative)multitasking-
Each process is assigned a specific amount of
time called a time-slice. When the time-slice is
complete the current process is interrupted and
another process gets the CPU.

Manisha Roll
no.=20 26
 Multiprocessing
systems
Multiple processors are used to execute a
single program.
Two types of multiprocessing:
1. Distributed( loosely coupled) systems
2. Parallel( tightly coupled) systems

Manisha Roll
no.=20 27
 Distributed OS
Distributed systems or loosely coupled
systems consists of collection of processors
that do not share common memory or clock.
Each processor possess its own memory.
Various processors communicate with one
other through communication lines, such as
high speed buses or telephone lines.

Manisha Roll
no.=20 28
 Parallel systems
These systems are designed to speed up the
execution of the programs by dividing the
programs into small fragments (threads)and
processing these fragments simultaneously.
These systems uses two or more processors
within a single computer i.e. the processors share
a common memory space.
Also known as tightly coupled systems because
processors share the common memory.

Manisha Roll
no.=20 29
 Real time OS
Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
Very fast and quick respondent systems.
Programs mostly reside in the main memory to
provide quick response so there is a little
swapping between the programs.
Often used as a control device in a dedicated
application such as controlling scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial
control systems, and some display systems.

Manisha Roll
no.=20 30
Conclusion

Manisha Roll
no.=20 31
Manisha Roll
no.=20 32