UNIT 1: Database Systems

CONTENTS

🞭 Introduction of File Processing System

🞭 Introduction of DBMS & RDBMS
🞭 Difference between
🞭 File processing system & DBMS,
🞭 Difference between DBMS & RDBMS.

🞭 Applications of RDBMS
BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
🞭 Data:-
🞭 It is a collection of Facts and Figures that can be recorded and processed
based on some business logic.
🞭 (Facts are recorded in the form of Text, Image, Video, Audio etc..).

🞭 Information :-
🞭 The Data is processed to produce the information , that can be meaningfully
used.

🞭 Database:-
🞭 It is a Collection of Related data that represents real world entities.
WHAT IS DBMS?
🞭 DBMS stands for Database Management System.
🞭 Database + Management System
🞭 Database :- Collection of related data.
🞭 Management System:- It is a set of program to store & retrieve those data.
🞭 DBMS:- It is a Collection of interrelated data & set of program to store &
retrieve those data in an easy & efficient manner.
OR
🞭 DBMS is a software application ,used to manage data.
🞭 Some of the most commonly used database Management System includes
MYSQL, ORACLE, Microsoft SQL server and there are many such popular
DBMS Software available in Market.
WHAT IS NEED/PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEM?
INTRODUCTION OF FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM

🞭 Previously data was stored in files.

🞭 A File Processing System is a Collection of Files and programs that
access/modify these files. OR
🞭 File Processing System (FPS) is a way of storing, retrieving and
manipulating data which is present in various files.
🞭 In this system, data is stored in permanent on secondary storage
device(HDD).
🞭 Data was stored and managed in files through file processing system.
Common data is repeated due to non sharing of the same data.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITIONAL FILE
PROCESSING SYSTEM

🞭 It stores data of an organization in group of files.

🞭 Files carrying data are independent on each other.
🞭 COBOL, C, C++ programming languages were used to access the data
from files.
🞭 Each file contains data for some specific department like library, student
fees, and student examinations.
🞭 It is less flexible and has many limitations.
🞭 It is very difficult to maintain file processing system.
🞭 Any change in one file will not affects all the other related files that creates
burden on the programmer.
🞭 File in Traditional File Processing Systems are called flat files.
DISADVANTAGES OF FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM

🞭 Non-Sharing of data
🞭 If different systems of an Organizations are using some common data rather
than storing it once and sharing it, each system will store data in separate
files.
🞭 This creates the problem of Redundancy or wastage of storage.
 DISADVANTAGES OF FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM
🞭 Data Redundancy:
🞭 It is possible that the same information may be duplicated in different files. This
leads to data redundancy results in memory wastage.
🞭 Data Inconsistency:
🞭 Due to data redundancy, same data stored at different places might not match to
each other.
🞭 Data Integrity Problems:
🞭 The data present in the files should be consistent and correct(valid). To achieve
this, the data should must satisfy certain constraints.
🞭 Data Isolation:
🞭 Data is isolated in File Processing System and data is stored in different files.
These files can be in different formats. If you want to extract data from two file
then you are required to which part of the file is needed and how they are related
to each other.
🞭 So, writing new application programs to retrieve the appropriate data is difficult.
CONTINUE
🞭 Atomicity Problem:
🞭 Atomicity is required to save data values, it means that information is
completely entered or canceled at all.
🞭 Any system may fail at any time and at that time it is desired that data should be
in a inconsistent state.
🞭 Problem in Concurrent Access:
🞭 When a number of users operates simultaneously on a common data at the same
time, It is difficult to handle in file processing system due to the data isolation,
redundancy etc.
🞭 Data security
🞭 Data security means prevention of data accession by unauthorized users.
🞭 Poor data security is the most threatening problem in File Processing System.
There is very less security in File Processing System as anyone can easily
modify and change the data stored in the files. All the users must have some
restriction of accessing data up to a level.
 CONTINUE
Hard to Update
The changes in the data in one file is not reflected in the same data stored in other file.

Hard to Handle
Requires a lengthy code to handle Files.
Difficulty to Backup
It is hard to make backup .

Time Consuming
It is lengthy process , also time consuming approach to store data
 INTRODUCTION DBMS
🞭 DBMS stands for Database Management System.
🞭 Database + Management System
🞭 Management System:- It is a set of program to store & retrieve those data.

🞭 DBMS:- It is a Collection of interrelated data & set of program that enables user to store,
retrieve, update and delete information from a database in an easy & efficient manner.
🞭 Database management system is software that is used to manage the data or
database .
🞭 Some of the most commonly used database Management System includes MYSQL,
ORACLE, Microsoft SQL server and there are many such popular DBMS Software
available in Market.
🞭 DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation,
storing data in it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.
🞭 It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple users, it also
maintains data consistency.
 WHAT IS DATABASE

🞭 The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert and
delete the data efficiently.
🞭 It is also used to organize the data in the form of a table, schema, views, and
reports, etc.
🞭 For example: The college Database organizes the data about the admin, staff,
students and faculty etc.
🞭 Using the database, you can easily retrieve, insert, and delete the information.
 WHAT IS THE NEED OF DBMS?
🞭 Database systems are basically developed for large amount of data.
🞭 When dealing with huge amount of data, there are two things that require
optimization: Storage of data and retrieval of data.

🞭 Storage: According to the principles of database systems, the data is stored in such

a way that it acquires lot less space as the redundant data (duplicate data) has been
removed before storage. 
🞭 Fast Retrieval of data: Along with storing the data in an optimized and systematic
manner, it is also important that we retrieve the data quickly when needed. Database
systems ensure that the data is retrieved as quickly as possible.
 PURPOSE OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
🞭 The main purpose of database systems is to manage the data. Consider a university
that keeps the data of students, teachers, courses, books etc.
🞭 To manage this data we need to store this data somewhere where we can add new
data, delete unused data, update outdated data, retrieve data, to perform these
operations on data we need a Database management system that allows us to store
the data in such a way so that all these operations can be performed on the data
efficiently.
 DBMS ALLOWS USERS THE FOLLOWING TASKS:

🞭 Data Definition: It is used for creation, modification, and removal of definition that
defines the organization of data in the database.
🞭 Data Updation: It is used for the insertion, modification, and deletion of the actual
data in the database.
🞭 Data Retrieval: It is used to retrieve the data from the database which can be used
by applications for various purposes.
🞭 User Administration: It is used for registering and monitoring users, maintain data
integrity, enforcing data security, dealing with concurrency control, monitoring
performance and recovering information corrupted by unexpected failure.
 INTRODUCTION TO RDBMS
🞭 Airlines: reservations, schedules, etc
🞭 Telecom: calls made, customer details, network usage, etc
🞭 Universities: registration, results, grades, etc
🞭 Sales: products, purchases, customers, etc
🞭 Banking: all transactions etc
 INTRODUCTION TO RDBMS
🞭 A Relational Database management System(RDBMS) is a database management
system(DBMS) based on the relational model can be represented as a table of rows
and columns which introduced by E.F Codd.
🞭 In relational model, data is stored in relations(tables) and is represented in form
of tuples(rows).
🞭 RDBMS is used to manage Relational database. Relational database is a collection
of organized set of tables related to each other, and from which data can be accessed
easily. Relational Database is the most commonly used database these days.
🞭 All modern database management systems like SQL, MS SQL Server, IBM DB2,
ORACLE, My-SQL and Microsoft Access are based on RDBMS
 INTRODUCTION TO RDBMS
🞭 A relational database has following major components:
Database
🞭 1. Table
2. Record or Tuple
3. Field or Column name or Attribute
4. Domain
5. Instance
6. Schema
7. Keys
 HOW IT WORKS
🞭 Data is represented in terms of tuples (rows) in RDBMS.
🞭 Relational database is most commonly used database. It contains number of tables
and each table has its own primary key.
🞭 Due to a collection of organized set of tables, data can be accessed easily ACCESS
in RDBMS.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FILE SYSTEM AND DBMS
File System DBMS

File system is a software that manages and organizes

DBMS is a software for managing the database.
the files in a storage medium within a computer.

Database system control data redundancy. The data

   The data and program are inter- dependent appeared only once in the system.

File-based system caused data redundancy. The data

In DBMS there is no redundant data.
may be duplicated in different files

File –based system caused data inconsistency. The

In database system data always consistent. Because
data in different files may be different that cause
data appeared only once.
data inconsistency.

The data cannot be shared because data is In database data is easily shared because data is stored
distributed in different files. at one place.

File based system does not provide consistency Database system provides a different consistency
constrains. constrains to maintain data integrity in the system

It doesn’t provide backup and recovery of data if it It provides backup and recovery of data even if it is
is lost. lost.
 CONTINUE…
There is no efficient query processing in file system. Efficient query processing is there in DBMS.

There is more data consistency because of the process

There is less data consistency in file system.
of normalization.

It has more complexity in handling as compared to file

It is less complex as compared to DBMS.
system.

File systems provide less security in comparison to DBMS has more security mechanisms as compared to
DBMS. file system.

It is less expensive than DBMS. It has a comparatively higher cost than a file system.

 If one application fail it does not affects other files in If database fail it affects all application that dependent
system. on database
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FILE SYSTEM AND DBMS
DBMS RDBMS

Introduced in 1960 Introduced in 1970

DBMS applications store data as file. RDBMS applications store data in a tabular form.

In RDBMS, the tables have an identifier called

In DBMS, data is generally stored in either a
primary key and the data values are stored in the form
hierarchical form or a navigational form.
of tables.

Normalization is not present in DBMS. Normalization is present in RDBMS.

RDBMS defines the integrity constraint for the

DBMS does not apply any security with regards to
purpose of ACID (Atomocity, Consistency, Isolation
data manipulation.
and Durability) property.

in RDBMS, data values are stored in the form of

DBMS uses file system to store data, so there will
tables, so a relationship between these data values
be no relation between the tables.
will be stored in the form of a table as well.

Data Fetching is slower for complex and large

Faster because of its relational model
amount of data.

Used for applications using small amount of data Used for complex and large amount of data
Does not Support Integrity Constraints Supports Integrity Constraints

Keys and indexes are used in the table to avoid

Data Redundancy is common in this model
redundancy

It supports single user. It supports multiple users.

Example :- dBase, Microsoft Access, Example:- SQLServer, Oracle, MySQL,

LibreOfficeBase, Foxpro MariaDB,SQLITE