This document discusses the classification and bonding of elements. Metals are good conductors with metallic luster, while nonmetals are poor conductors and often gases or liquids. Metalloids can conduct electricity under special conditions. Ionic compounds form between metals and nonmetals via ionic bonds. Covalent compounds form between nonmetals via shared electron pairs. Molecular geometry, including VSEPR theory, determines if molecules are polar or nonpolar. Examples show how to predict molecular geometry using Lewis structures.
This document discusses the classification and bonding of elements. Metals are good conductors with metallic luster, while nonmetals are poor conductors and often gases or liquids. Metalloids can conduct electricity under special conditions. Ionic compounds form between metals and nonmetals via ionic bonds. Covalent compounds form between nonmetals via shared electron pairs. Molecular geometry, including VSEPR theory, determines if molecules are polar or nonpolar. Examples show how to predict molecular geometry using Lewis structures.
This document discusses the classification and bonding of elements. Metals are good conductors with metallic luster, while nonmetals are poor conductors and often gases or liquids. Metalloids can conduct electricity under special conditions. Ionic compounds form between metals and nonmetals via ionic bonds. Covalent compounds form between nonmetals via shared electron pairs. Molecular geometry, including VSEPR theory, determines if molecules are polar or nonpolar. Examples show how to predict molecular geometry using Lewis structures.
This document discusses the classification and bonding of elements. Metals are good conductors with metallic luster, while nonmetals are poor conductors and often gases or liquids. Metalloids can conduct electricity under special conditions. Ionic compounds form between metals and nonmetals via ionic bonds. Covalent compounds form between nonmetals via shared electron pairs. Molecular geometry, including VSEPR theory, determines if molecules are polar or nonpolar. Examples show how to predict molecular geometry using Lewis structures.
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Classification of Elements
https://examplespedia.com/classification-of-elements/ Metal • metallic luster • high electrical and thermal conductivity • hard solids • ductile • malleable Nonmetal
•poor conductors •often liquids or gases •lack metallic luster Metalloids • metalloids have multiple forms or allotropes
• can be made to conduct
electricity under special conditions (semiconductors) Formation of Ionic Compounds and Covalent Molecular Compounds Compounds are formed between the chemical combinations of two or more elements. To determine if an element is a metal, non-metal, or metalloid one should refer to their location in the periodic table. Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds are formed between a metal and a nonmetal. The chemical combination between the two types of elements results in the formation of ionic bonds between the atoms. Ionic bonds are the electrostatic force of attraction that holds cations (positively charged atom) and anions (negatively charged atoms) together.
Ionic Bonding between Sodium and Chlorine
Covalent Molecular Compounds
Covalent molecular compounds or simply covalent compounds are substances that are formed from the chemical combination of two or more nonmetallic elements. It could be between a nonmetal and another nonmetal, or a metalloid and a nonmetal.
In a covalent compound, atoms of the different elements are held together in molecules by covalent bonds. Covalent bonds share their valence electrons. The force of attraction between the shared electrons and the positive nuclei of both atoms holds the atoms together in the molecule.
Covalent bonding between H and O to form water
molecule Covalent Molecular Compounds can be Polar or Nonpolar The polarity of molecules results from the differences in the electronegativity of the bonded atoms.
Electronegativity (EN)is the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons toward it.
Electronegativity Values of Atoms of Elements
Polarity of Molecules The polarity of molecules is determined by the two factors:
1. The polarity of bonds based on the electronegativity difference of the
atoms involved.
2. Geometrical shape of the molecules which can be predicted via valence
shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. A.Polarity of Bonds and Electronegativity Electronegativity (EN) measures the relative tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when chemically combined with other atoms.
Pauling Electronegativity Values
http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/IGOC/E/electronegativity.html Type of Bond based on Electronegativity Difference ( EN)
Ionic ≥ 1.7 Polar Covalent 0.5 to 1.6 Nonpolar Covalent ≤ 0.4 What type of bond is present between the following pairs of atoms by determining their electronegativity difference.
Type of Bond based on Electronegativity
Difference ( EN)
Ionic ≥ 1.7 Polar Covalent 0.5 to 1.6 Nonpolar Covalent ≤ 0.4 Polar Covalent Bond is formed when electrons are shared unequally by two atoms in a compound. The bonded pair of atoms form an electric dipole .
Dipole means “two poles”, which means that a molecule has one positive end and one negative end.
In this type of bond, the atom with the higher EN value becomes the partial negative pole (symbolized as -) while the atom with the lower EN value becomes the partially positive (symbolized as +) pole. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsYV2N98bk4 Nonpolar Covalent Bond Develops if both atoms equally share a pair of electrons between them. This occurs when the bonding atoms have approximately equal EN value or equal ability to attract electrons to each side.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/bond-polarity/ B. Polarity of Molecules and Molecular Geometry For polyatomic molecules, both the bond polarity and molecular shape determine the overall molecular polarity.
In terms of molecular geometry, the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory would help us to determine the spatial arrangement of atoms in a polyatomic molecule. You can predict the shape or molecular geometry of a substance using the following steps:
Step 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is the least electronegative element. Step 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis dot structure for the molecule. Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and non-bonding (or lone pairs) around the central atom. Step 4: Determine the electron pair orientation using the total number of electron pairs. Step 5: Name the shape based on the location of the atoms Different Molecular Shapes
https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-11/atomic-combinations/03-atomic-combinations-02 Lewis Diagram Often used to represent covalent bonding in molecules and ions.
Examples:
Remember: It doesn’t matter where you put the dots. Neatly draw them along the sides of an imaginary square and never put more than 2 dots on one side. • In covalent bonding, atoms share valence electrons in Remember: order to get a full octet. • 1 line= single bond (2 electrons) • That is every non-metal element wants 8 valence • 2 lines= double bond (4 electrons) electrons, except for hydrogen which only want two Example: valence electrons. No. of electrons: 4 from double bond 4 from the lone pairs
(2 dots together are called lone pair of electrons)
• 3 lines= triple bond (6 electrons)
non-bonding shared electrons Example: electrons
Shared electrons are counted
as owned by both atoms. Example A: Predict the molecular geometry of BCl3 Step 1: EN = 2.0 EN = 3.0 therefore, B will be the central atom and three Cl B CL atoms are attached to it.
Step 2: Lewis dot structure for the molecule.
https://techiescientist.com/bcl3-lewis-structure/ Step 3: The central atom has three electron pairs: 3 bonded pairs and no lone pair. (a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond )
Step 4: The electron pair orientation for three electrons is
trigonal planar.
Step 5: The molecular shape of BCl3 is trigonal planar.
Example 2: Predict the molecular geometry of CO2
Step 1: ENC= 2.5 ENO= 3.0 therefore, C will be the
central atom and two O atoms will be the attached to it.
Step 2: Lewis dot structure for the molecule.
https://www.sciencecoverage.com/2020/12/co2-lewis- structure.html Step 3: To determine the position of the bonding pairs, let us count the double bonds as one bonding pair. Therefore, CO2 has two bonding pairs of electron.
Step 4: The electron pair orientation for two-electron pairs is linear.
Step 5: The molecular shape of CO2 is linear.
Example 3: Predict the molecular geometry of CHCl3
Step 1: ENC = 2.5, ENH= 2.1 and ENCl= 3.0. Because carbon is less electronegative than chlorine and hydrogen is normally terminal atom, C must be the central atom. (are those atoms which are present at both the ends. )
Step 2: Lewis dot structure for the molecule.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oP2xeBszYiE Step 3: There are four bonding electron pairs.
Step 4: The electron pair orientation for four electron
pairs is tetrahedral.
Step 5: The molecular shape of CHCl3 is tetrahedral.
