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Complex Variables Assignment Help

Problem 1. Complex arithmetic
(a) Find the real and imaginary part of
(b) Solve
(c) Find all possible values of
(d) Express cos(4x) in terms of cos(x) and sin(x).
(e) When does equality hold in the triangle inequality
(f) Draw a picture illustrating the polar coordinates of z and

Answers.

(a)

(b)

(c) Same answer as part (b).

(d) Euler:
(e) When z1 and z2 have the same argument, i.e. are on the
same ray from the origin.

(f)
Problem 2. Functions
(a) Show that sinh(z) = −isin(iz).

Solution:

(b) Give the real and imaginary part of cos(z) in terms of x and y
using regular and hyperbolic sin and cos.

Solution: We calculate this using exponentials.

Alternatively using the cosine addition formula:

(c) Is it true that

Solution:
No: here’s a counterexample:

Problem 3. Mappings
(a) Show that the function maps the upper half
plane to the unit disk.
(i) Show it maps the real axis to the unit circle.
(ii) Show it maps i to 0.
(iii) Conclude that the upper half plane is mapped to the unit
disk.

Solution:
(iv) If z is real then so numerator and
denominator have the same norm, i.e. the fraction has
norm 1. QED
(v) (ii) Clearly f(i) = 0.
(vi) The boundary of the half plane is mapped to the boundary
of the disk and a point in the interior of the half plane is
mapped to the interior of the disk. This is enough to
conclude that the image of the half plane is inside the disk.

Since it’s easy to invert . It is easy to see that the

map is in fact one-to-one and 1 − � onto the disk.
(b) Show that the function maps the unit circle to the line x =
−1∕2.

Solution: We will learn good ways to manipulate expressions like

this later in the course. Here we can do a direct calculation. Let
be a point on the unit circle. Then

Here we left the imaginary part uncomputed because the

question is to show that the real part is −1∕2. Which we did!

Problem 4. Analytic functions

(a) Show that is analytic using the Cauchy
Riemann equations.
Solution:
Call the real and imaginary parts � and �
respectively. Putting the partials in a matrix we have

We see that . Thus we have verified the Cauchy

Riemann equations. So, f(z) is analytic.

(b) Show that is not analytic.

Solution
, where u = x and u = −y. Taking partials

We see that . So the Cauchy Riemann equations are not

satisfied and so, f(z) is not analytic.

(c) Give a region in the z-plane for which w = z3 is a one-to-one map

onto the entire w-plane
Solution:
Since z3 triples arguments, we divide the plane into thirds and pick
one third. We’ve chosen the shaded region in the figure below.

The region includes the the positive �-axis but not

the dashed line.

(d) Choose a branch of z1∕3 and a region of the �-plane where this
branch is analytic. Do this so that the image under z1∕3 is contained
in your region from part (c).

Solution:
We choose the branch of arg with . So, the plane
has a branch cut along the nonnegative real axis. Under w = z1∕3
the image points all , as required by the problem.

Problem 5. Line integrals

(a) Compute , where C is the unit square.

Solution:
First note that as a function x means Re(z). We do the integral for
each of the four sides separately
Addding the together: the integral over the square is i.

(b) Compute , where C is the unit circle.

Solution:
Parametrize the circle, as usual, by . Since the
integral is

(c) Compute , where C is the unit circle.

Solution:
Since z cos(z2) is entire, it is analytic on and inside the closed curve
C. Therefore by Cauchy’s theorem, the integral is 0.

(d) Draw the Is this region simply

connected? Could you define a branch of log on this region?

Solution:
Yes, the region is simply connected. Yes, you can define a branch of
log on this region: To define a branch of log you have to have a
region where the argument is well defined and continuous. You can
do this as long as the cut blocks any path that circles the origin. The
figure below illustrates values of arg(z) at a few points in the region.
(e) Does ?. Here C is a simple closed curve.

Solution:
Not always. We know f(z) = ez is entire. So, if C goes around 0 then,
by Cauchy’s formula for derivatives

If C does not go around 0 then the integral is 0.

(f) Compute
Solution:
Let and let I be the integral we want to
compute. The trick is to integrate f over the closed contour shown,
and then show that the contribution of to this integral vanishes as
R goes to ∞.

The 4 singularities of The ones

inside the contour are
As As usual we
break into two loops, one surrounding each singularity and use
Cauchy’s formula to compute the integral over each loop
separately. Factoring, we have
Summing, the integral around
Now we’ll look at C1 and Cr separately:
Parametrize

This goes to the

We parametrize
By the triangle inequality, if R > 1

Clearly this goes to 0 as R goes to infinity.

Thus, the integral over the contour C1 + Cr goes to I as R gets large.
But this integral always has √ √ the same value . We have
shown that I =.
As a sanity check, we note that our answer is real and positive as it
needs to be.

Problem 6.
Suppose f(z) is entire and |f(z)| > 1 for all z. Show that f is a
constant.

Solution:
Since |f(z)| > 1 we know f is never 0. Therefore 1∕f(z) is entire and |
1∕f(z)| < 1. Being entire and bounded it is constant by Liouville’s
theorem.

Problem 7.
Suppose f(z) is analytic and |f| is constant on the disk |z−z0| ≤ r.
Show that f is constant on the disk.
Solution:
This follows from the maximum modulus principle. Since |f| is
constant on the disk, its maximum modulus does not occur only on
the boundary. Therefore it must be constant.

Problem 8.
(a) Let . Let A be the disk |z − 5| ≤ 2. Show that f(z)
attains both its maximum and minimum modulus in A on the circle
|z − 5| = 2.
Hint: Consider 1∕f(z).

Solution:
Since f(z) is analytic on and inside the disk, the maximum modulus
principle tells us it attains its maximum modulus on the boundary.
Since ew is never 0 and z2 is not zero anywhere in A we know that
1∕f(z) is analytic on and inside the disk. Therefore it attains its
maximum modulus on the boundary. But the point where 1∕|f(z)|
is maximized is the point where |f(z)| is minimized.

(b) Suppose f(z) is entire. Show that if f(4)(z) is bounded in the

whole plane then f(z) is a polynomial of degree at most 4.

Solution:
By the maximum modulus principle f(4)(z) is a constant. Integrating
a constant 4 times leads to a polynomial of degree a most 4.
(c) The function f(z) = 1∕z2 goes to 0 as z → ∞, but it is not constant.
Does this contradict Liouville’s theorem?

Solution:
No, Liouville’stheorem requiresthe function be entire. f(z) has a
singularity at the origin, so it is not entire.

Problem 9.
Show . Hint, consider e �∕ � over the
unit circle. 0

Solution:
(Follow the hint.) Parametrize the unit circle n .
So,

This is close to what we want. Let’s use Cauchy’s integral formula to

evaluate it and then extract the value we need. By Cauchy the
integral is
Taking the imaginary part we have

This integral is 2 , while our integral is supposed to be . But, by

symmetry ours is half the above. (It might be easier to see this if
you use the limits [− , ] instead of [0, 2 ].) So, we have shown
that the integral is .

Problem 10.
(a) Suppose f(z) is analytic on a simply connected region A and y is
a simple closed curve in A.. Fix z0 in A, but not on y. Use the Cauchy
integral formulas to show that

Since A is simply connected we know f and f are analytic on and

inside y. Therefore we can use Cauchy’s formulas.
 These are the same, so we are done.

(b) Challenge: Redo part (a), but drop the assumption that A is
simply connected.

It equals 0 because the integral of a derivative around a closed curve

is 0. So, the two integrals on the left side are equal.

Problem 11.
(a) Compute , where C is the unit circle.

Solution:
(b) Compute , where C is the unit circle.
Solution:
There are two roots. Splitting the contour as we’ve done several
times leads to a total integral of 0.

Problem 12.
Suppose f(z) is entire and . Show that f(z) is constant.

You may use Morera’s theorem: if g(z) is analytic on A − {z0} and

continuous on A, then f is analytic on A.

Solution:
Let . Since g(z) is analytic on C − {0} and
continuous on C it is C analytic on all of , by Morera’s theorem

We claim g(z) ≡ 0.

Suppose not, then we can pick a point g0 with g(z0) ≠ 0. Since z()
goes to 0 as |z| gets large we can pick R large enough that |g(z)| <
|g(z0)| for all |z| = R. But this violates the maximum modulus
theorem, which says that the maximum modulus of) on the disk |g|
≤ z occurs on the circle. This disaster means our assumption that) ≠
0 was wrong. We conclude g(z) ≡ 0 as claimed.
This means that f(z) = f(z0) for all z, i.e. f(z) is constant.