Chapter(4)

Operating System and Computer

Architecture
Contents
 Operating systems
 interrupts and buffers
 computer architecture and the von Neumann computer model
 The fetch–execute cycle.
Operating System(OS)

What is operating system?

 is essentially software running in the background of a computer system that manages
many of the basic functions.
 responsible for the operation and smooth running of a computer.
 Most general purpose computers (including smartphones and tablets) will have an
operating system to manage the running of other programs and control the system’s inputs
and outputs.
 Simple devices (Washing Machine,
Example of OS microwave, oven)
Window Android  don’t always have an operating
system.
Why?
 The input is usually a button
Linux IOS
pressed or a touchscreen option
selected
 perform a simple hardware function.
Operating System(OS)
Function of OS
 Provides an Human computer interface for computer interaction
 Control of inputs and outputs
 Interrupt and error handling
 Loading and running of application/software
 File management (copy, save, sort, delete)
 Processor management for multitasking
 Memory management
 Security (access rights, user accounts etc) and so on
 Operating System
 When the computer is turned on:

The initiating programs are loaded into memory

from the ROM (read only memory) chip.

These programs run to check if there is any errors

in hardware, processor, internal memory and bios
(basic input–output system)

If no errors are detected, then OS is loaded into

memory.
Interrupt
 is a signal sent from a device or from software to the processor.
 will cause the processor to temporarily stop what it is doing and service the interrupt.
 The interrupt handler is the part of the operating system which is responsible for dealing
with interrupt signals.
 The interrupt handler prioritizes interrupt as they are received.
 For every interruption, the current task needs to be stopped, with it’s status saved (so it
can resume later).
 allow computers to carry out many tasks at the same time.
 can occur when, for example:
 a disk drive is ready to receive more data
 an error has occurred, such as a paper jam in a printer
 the user has pressed a key to interrupt the current process ( Ctrl+Alt+Break)
 a software error has occurred
Buffer
 Is a temporary memory area in computer .
 Act as the holding area for data
 Used to compensate the speed difference between
CPU (fast) and hardware(slow)
 Data from processor or memory unit to be sent to a
hardware is sent to buffer
 The hardware can get data from butter and the
processor can carry out other task.
 Example streaming a video from the internet
How buffers and interrupts are used when
a document is sent to a printer for printing
The processor
continuous with its task

NO
Any data YES The contents of buffer are
The print data is sent to
sent to emptied to the printer and
the buffer from memory
printer? printing take place

The processor can carry NO All data

out other task while the sent to
butter are being emptied printer?

YES
When all data have been printed,
The current task is
an interrupt signal send to the
stopped temporarily and
processor to request more data
the interrupt is served.
to be printed.
 Von Neumann Model

 Very early computers were not able to store CPU

program and data, therefore they weren’t
run/process without human intervention.
 Von Neumann architecture was
first published by John von Neumann in
1945.
 This architecture is based on the stored-
program computer concept, where
instruction and data are stored in the same
memory.
 A processor and memory unit are linked
together to move data by connections known
as BUSES.
Bus
 Component of Von Neumann Model

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Control Unit (CU)

Input Device Arithmetic/logic Unit(ALU) Output Device

PC CIR
Register
MAR MDR AC

Memory
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 is the electronic circuit responsible for executing the instructions of a computer
program.
 Is also called processor or microprocessor
 Consists of
 CU
 ALU
 Register
Register
 is simply a high speed storage area within the computer.
 All data must be stored in a register before it can be processed.

MAR Memory Address Hold the location of data that need to be

Register accessed
MDR Memory data Register Hold data that is being stored to or retrieved from
memory
AC Accumulator Store the intermediate results of ALU

PC Program Counter contains the address of the next instruction to be

executed.
CIR Current Instruction Contains the current instruction during processing
Register
ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
 perform arithmetic (e.g. add, subtract, etc.) and logic (e.g. AND,
OR, NOT, etc.) operations
 Used Accumulator to hold the results of calculations
 Control Unit
 controls the operation of the memory, processor and input/output devices.
 Interpret the instruction and send signals via control bus to tell the other
components what to do.
 Contains two registers.
 CURRENT INSTRUCTION REGISTER (CIR) : contains the current instruction
during processing.
 PROGRAM COUNTER (PC): contains the address of the next instruction to
be executed.
 Memory unit
 is the storage space in the computer, where data and Address Contents
instructions required for processing are stored 0000 0000 1100 1010
 is split into a number of partitions to store data. 0000 0001 1011 0001
 Each partition consists of an unique ADDRESS and its 0000 0010 1111 1011
CONTENTS (data)(both in binary form)
.
 Use two register to read/write the data in memory. .
 Memory Address Register : store the address 1111 1110 0001 0010
 Memory Data Register : store the contents/ data 1111 1111 0111 1011

Memory
Address
The location of where
data can be stored in
a computer memory
Memory unit
 Read Operation Address Contents
 Read 0000 0010 (instruction) 0000 0000 1100 1010
0000 0001 1011 0001
Step 1: The address is written in MAR. 0000 0010 1111 1011
MAR .
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .
1111 1110 0001 0010
Step 2: The read signal is sent to the
memory via the control bus 1111 1111 0111 1011

Step 3: The content of address in

MAR are written in MDR
MDR
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
Memory unit
 Write Operation Address Contents
 Write 0001 0010 to 1111 1111
0000 0000 1100 1010
Data ADD
0000 0001 1011 0001
Step 1: The data is written in MDR.
MDR 0000 0010 1111 1011
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 .
.
Step 2: The address of location is
written in MAR 1111 1110 0001 0010
MDR
1111 1111 0111 1011
0001 0010
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Step 3: The write signal is sent to the

memory via the control bus
Input and Output Devices
Input Devices
 convert external data into a form the computer can understand (e.g.
keyboards, touchscreens and microphones).
Output devices
 show the results of computer processing in a humanly understandable
form (e.g. printers, monitors and loudspeakers).
FETCH–EXECUTE CYCLE
 In store program concept, the instructions and data are stored in the same memory
(RAM)
 To carry out a set of instructions, the processor first of all FETCHES some data
and instructions from memory and store in register.
 Each instruction needs to be decoded before finally being EXECUTED.
 The instruction is fetched and executed one after another.
 This is all known as the FETCH–EXECUTE CYCLE
 Fetch and Execute Cycle
Memory (RAM)
PC 5
3001
3004
3003 3002
MAR
3003
3001 3003 Read 3001

3004 Write …..

MDR
Read 3001

CIR
Immediate access store (IAS) holds data and
instructions when they are loaded from main
Read 3001 memory and are waiting to be processed.
Fetch and Execute Cycle
The PC contain the address of the next
instruction to be fetched

This address is copied to MAR via the

address bus

The instruction at the address is copied

into MDR temporarily

The instruction in MDR is then placed in

CIR

If the instruction contain an address, it is

placed in MAR

The value in PC is incremented, pointed

to the next instruction to be fetched

The instruction is decoded and executed

Complete the sentence using The central processing unit (CPU) ................. the
the given list. data and instructions needed and stores them in the
Not all items in the list need to .................to wait to be processed.
be used.
The ................holds the address of the next
• accumulator (ACC)
• address bus
instruction. This address is sent to the .................
• arithmetic logic unit (ALU) The data from this address is sent to the ..................
• control unit (CU) . The instruction can then be decoded and ............. .
• data bus Any calculations that are carried out on the data are
• executed done by the ............ . During calculations, the data
• fetches is temporarily held in a register called the ............. .
• immediate access store (IAS)
• memory address register
(MAR)
• memory data register (MDR)
• program counter (PC)
• saved
• transmits