Chapter (2)

Communication and Internet Technologies

Contents

 Data Transmission

 Error Checking Methods

 Internet Technologies
Data Transmission

Data Transmission is a transfer of data

from one devices to another devices.

Three Factor Considerations

1 Direction of Data Transmission

2 Method of Transmission

3 Method of synchronization
Direction of Data Transmission

1 Simplex 2 Half-Duplex 3 Duplex

 Data transfer only  Data can transfer  Data can transfer

one way. in both direction, in both direction
but only one at a at the same time.
 Eg. Sending data time.
from computer to  Eg. Phone
printer.  Eg. Walkie-talkies Conversation

A B
Method of Transmission
1 Serial Transmission
Sender Receiver
 Data sent one bit at a time over
single wire.
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
 transfer well over for long distance

 Slower rate of transmission

0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
 no problem of data (not skewed)
arriving at receiver.

 Used in Universal Serial Bus

(USB)

 Eg. Sending data from a computer

to modem.
Method of Transmission
2 Parallel Transmission

 Several bit sent trough several Sender Receiver

wires at once
0
1
0
 Transfer well over for short 0
1
distance 1
1
0
 Faster rate of transmission
01 001 110
 Data must get skewed.

 Used in Integrated circuits.

 Eg. Sending data from a computer

to printer using ribbon connector
Example

Simplex Half- duplex full- duplex Serial Parallel

Data transmitted in one direction, one

bit at a time over single channel or
wire

Several bits are transmitted in both

direction at the same time over
several channel or wires

Data transmitted in both direction, but

not at a time over single wire.
Method of Synchronization
2 Asynchronous Transmission

 Transmit data in discrete group

and an agreed pattern

 Use control bit –start bit and stop

 Receiver knowns where data start

and stop

 Prevent data mixed-up stop start

 slower 1 1 1 0 0 1
Method of Synchronization
2 Synchronous Transmission

 Send continuous stream of data

with timing signal by an internal
clock.

 No control bit

 Receiver has to count and

reassemble data into bytes of data

 Faster
…1 1 1 0 0 1 0
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
 USB is an asynchronous serial data transmission.
 USB cable consists of four wire shielded cable.
 Two wires are used for power and earth
 Two wires are used for data transmission
When you plug a USB into your device
 Computer detect a device automatically due to difference voltage.
 Device is recognized automatically and device driver are loaded up for
communication between computer and device.
 If it is new device
 Search for related device driver
 If it is not present, the user is prompted to download the appropriate
software.
Advantages and Disadvantages of USB

Advantages Disadvantages

 When plugged into  The present maximum

computer, it is cable length is about 5
automatically detected. meters.

 Can only fit one way  The present transmission

rate is to 500 megabits
 It is industry standard per second

 Several transmission rates  The older USB standard

supported like 1.1 may not be
supported in the future.
 New standards backwards
compatible with older ones.
Error-checking methods
 The data has been corrupted or changed in some way that is being transmitted
over short distances or over long distances.
 Error Checking Methods are:
 parity checking
 automatic repeat request (ARQ)
 Checksum
 Check Digit
 echo checking
 Parity checking
 A Byte of data is allocated a parity bit before transmission.
 The system used
 Even parity have even number of 1- bit.
 Odd parity have odd number of 1-bit.
 Before transmission, The type of parity is agreed by both sender and receiver.

Parity bit

1 1 1 0 0 1 0

Sender Receiver
Parity checking

How to insert parity bit in even parity

Parity bit

0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

Parity bit

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
Parity checking
How to insert parity bit in odd parity
Parity bit

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

Parity bit

0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
Parity checking
How to check errors

In the following data transmission, Sender and receiver used even parity.

10011001 There are four 1-bit

11011001 There are five 1-bit

01111001 There are five 1-bit

Parity checking
How to check errors

In the following data transmission, Sender and receiver used odd parity.

10011001 There are four 1-bit

11011001 There are five 1-bit

01111001 There are five 1-bit

 Example :The following block of data was received after transmission from a remote
computer; even parity being used by both sender and receiver. One of the bits has been changed
during the transmission stage. Locate where this error is and suggest a corrected byte value.

Parity Bit2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8

bit
Byte 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
Byte 8 (row 8) has three 1 bit
Byte 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
Byte 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Bit 5 (col 5) has Five 1 bit

Byte 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 The bit at the intersection of

Byte 5 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 row 8 and col 5 occur error

Byte 6 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Byte 7 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
A corrected byte value.
Byte 8 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
00010010
Byte 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Parity 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
bit
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
 uses
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT : A message sent by the receiver indicating that data
has been received correctly
 TIMEOUT : Time allocated within which acknowledgement should be sent.
 If acknowledgement not received within timeout, data is resent.

…1 1 1 0 0 1 0

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Sender Receiver
Checksum
 an additional value, the checksum is also sent at the end of the block of data.
 IF x>256
X = 1185

1185/256 = 4.629
Y=4
Z = Y * 256 = 1024
The checksum=(1185 – 1024) = 161
The step of checking error using checksum

The checksum for the bytes is first of all calculated at sender

The checksum is sent with data

The receiver calculate the checksum from the data received.

If they are the same value, then the data was transmitted without any errors;
if the values are different, then a request is sent for the data to be retransmitted.

Sender Receiver
Data , checksum

Data , checksum

checksum
Check Digit
 an extra value is transmitted to help determine if the data received is correct or
incorrect.
 This value is known as a check digit.
 The value of the check digit is usually calculated from the other data being sent.
Echo checking
 When data is sent to another device, this data is sent back again to the sender.
 The sender compares the two sets of data to check if any errors occurred during
the transmission process.
 Not very reliable, used very rarely.

Sender Receiver
Data

Data
Internet technologies

1 Internet Service Provider (ISP)

 Companies that provide the user with

access to the internet.

 A monthly fee is usually charged for

internet service

 set up a user account

Internet technologies

2 Internet Protocol (IP) Address

 A unique address that gives the location

of a device on the internet

 Represent 32 bit number eg.

109.128.0.1 IP address

 Is assigned by the ISP when computer

connect to the internet.

 is unique for each internet session.

 The IP address of web servers are

remain unchanged.
 Internet technologies

2 Internet Protocol (IP) Address 2 MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL (MAC)

 A unique address that gives the location  a unique number that identifies a device
of a device on the internet connected to the internet.

 Is assigned by the ISP  Is assigned by manufacturer company

 Multiple devices possible to have same  MAC address of device are different
IP address. from another.

 IP address can be changed while  MAC cannot be changed.

moving location.
Internet technologies
<html>
<body>
3 Hyper-Text Markup Language
<td>
<h1> Hello World </h1>
 is used when writing and <h3> HTML </h3>
developing web pages. <p> HTML is markup language that is used to
develop web page</p>
 is simply a mark-up language.
</td>
 uses <tags> which are used to </body>
bracket a piece of code. </html>
 Eg <td></td>
 has structure and presentation
Structure
 it includes the semantics (meaning)
and structural mark-up of the
document.
Internet technologies
h1 { color:#FF0000;
font-family:arial;
}
3 Hyper-Text Markup Language
h3 {color:#00FF00;
font-family:Times New Roman ;
PRESENTATION
}
 is the style of the document; p {color:#0000FF;
i.e. how the document will font-family:arial;
look }
 two features must be kept
separate. (HTML, css)
Internet technologies

4 HyperText Transfer Protocol (http)

 is a set of rules that must be obeyed when

transferring files across the internet
 https
 refers to http over secure
 It is slower to use https than http
 https use to transfer private data.
Internet technologies
5 Web Browser

 software which allows a user to

display a web page on computer
screen
 interpret or translate the HTML code
and show the result of the translation
 Most web browsers share the
following features:
 have a HOME page
 have the ability to store a user’s
favorite websites/pages
 keep a history of the websites
visited by the user
 give the ability to go backward
and forward to websites opened.
Web Browser
 The web browser will break up the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) into three
parts:

http :// www.hoddereducation.co.uk / igcse_computer_science

Exercise
Count the number of 1 in each register
Register X and Z have odd number of 1 and Register Y has even number of 1.
Even parity must be used for data transmission
Register X and Z are incorrect.