Unit 3

parameters and graphics

Special thanks to Roy McElmurry, John Kurkowski, Scott Shawcroft, Ryan Tucker, Paul Beck for their work.
Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
 Constants
• Python doesn't really have constants.
– Instead, declare a variable at the top of your code.
– All methods will be able to use this "constant" value.

constant.py
1 MAX_VALUE = 3
2
3 def print_top():
4 for i in range(MAX_VALUE):
5 for j in range(i):
6 print(j)
7 print()
8
9 def print_bottom():
10 for i in range(MAX_VALUE, 0, -1):
11 for j in range(i, 0, -1):
12 print(MAX_VALUE)
13 print()
2
 Exercise
• Rewrite the Mirror lecture program in Python. Its output:

#================#
| <><> |
| <>....<> |
| <>........<> |
|<>............<>|
|<>............<>|
| <>........<> |
| <>....<> |
| <><> |
#================#

– Make the mirror resizable by using a "constant."

3
 Exercise Solution
SIZE = 4
def bar():
print("#" + 4 * SIZE * "=" + "#")
def top():
for line in range(1, SIZE + 1):
# split a long line by ending it with \
print("|" + (-2 * line + 2 * SIZE) * " " + \
"<>" + (4 * line - 4) * "." + "<>" + \
(-2 * line + 2 * SIZE) * " " + "|")
def bottom():
for line in range(SIZE, 0, -1):
print("|" + (-2 * line + 2 * SIZE) * " " + \
"<>" + (4 * line - 4) * "." + "<>" + \
(-2 * line + 2 * SIZE) * " " + "|")
# main
bar()
top()
bottom()
bar()

4
 Parameters
def name(parameter, parameter, ..., parameter):
statements

– Parameters are declared by writing their names (no types)

>>> def print_many(message, n):

... for i in range(n):
... print(message)

>>> print_many("hello", 4)
hello
hello
hello
hello

5
 Exercise
• Recreate the lines/boxes of stars example from lecture:
*************

*******

***********************************

**********
* *
**********

*****
* *
* *
*****

6
 Exercise Solution
stars.py
1 # Draws a box of stars with the given width and
2 height.
3 def box(width, height):
4 print(width * "*")
5 for i in range(height - 2):
6 print("*" + (width - 2) * " " + "*")
7 print(width * "*")
8
9 # main
10 print(13 * "*")
11 print( 7 * "*")
12 print(35 * "*")
13 box(10, 3)
box(5, 4)

7
 Default Parameter Values
def name(parameter=value, ..., parameter=value):
statements
– Can make parameter(s) optional by specifying a default value

>>> def print_many(message, n=1):

... for i in range(n):
... print(message)
>>> print_many("shrubbery")
shrubbery
>>> print_many("shrubbery", 3)
shrubbery
shrubbery
shrubbery

– Exercise: Modify stars.py to add an optional parameter for the

character to use for the outline of the box (default "*").

8
 Parameter Keywords
name(parameter=value, ..., parameter=value)
– Can specify name of each parameter as you call a function
– This allows you to pass the parameters in any order
>>> def print_many(message, n):
... for i in range(n):
... print(message)

>>> print_many(str="shrubbery", n=4)

shrubbery
shrubbery
shrubbery
shrubbery
>>> print_many(n=3, str="Ni!")
Ni!
Ni!
Ni!

9
 DrawingPanel
• Instructor-provided drawingpanel.py file must be in the
same folder as your Python program

• At the top of your program, write:

– from drawingpanel import *

• Panel's canvas field behaves like Graphics g in Java

10
 DrawingPanel Example
draw1.py
1 from drawingpanel import *
2
3 panel = DrawingPanel(400, 300)
4 panel.set_background("yellow")
5 panel.canvas.create_rectangle(100, 50, 200, 300)

11
 Drawing Methods
Java Python
drawLine panel.canvas.create_line(x1, y1, x2, y2)
drawRect, panel.canvas.create_rect(x1, y1, x2, y2)
fillRect
drawOval, panel.canvas.create_oval(x1, y1, x2, y2)
fillOval
drawString panel.canvas.create_text(x, y, text="text")

setColor (see next slide)

setBackground panel.set_background(color)

– Notice, methods take x2/y2 parameters, not width/height

12
 Colors and Fill
• Python doesn't have fillRect, fillOval, or setColor.
– Instead, pass outline and fill colors when drawing a shape.
– List of all color names: http://wiki.tcl.tk/16166
– See class web site for visual index of colors!

drawcolors.py
1 from drawingpanel import *
2
3 panel = DrawingPanel(400, 300)
4 panel.canvas.create_rectangle(100, 50, 200, 200,
outline="red", fill="yellow")
5 panel.canvas.create_oval(20, 10, 180, 70, fill="blue")

13
 Polygons
• Draw arbitrary polygons with create_polygon
• Draw line groups by passing more params to create_line
drawpoly.py
1 from drawingpanel import *
2
3 panel = DrawingPanel(200, 200)
4 panel.canvas.create_polygon(100, 50, 150, 0,
150, 100, fill="green")
5 panel.canvas.create_line(10, 120, 20, 160,
30, 120, 40, 175)

14
 Exercise
• Write a Python version of the Car program.
– Convert this Java code to Python:

DrawingPanel panel = new DrawingPanel(200, 200);

panel.setBackground(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
Graphics g = panel.getGraphics();
g.setColor(Color.BLACK); // body
g.fillRect(10, 30, 100, 50);
g.setColor(Color.RED); // wheels
g.fillOval(20, 70, 20, 20);
g.fillOval(80, 70, 20, 20);
g.setColor(Color.CYAN); // windshield
g.fillRect(80, 40, 30, 20);

15
 Exercise
• Modify your car program to use parameters so that cars can
be drawn in many different locations.

16
 Exercise
• Write a variation of the Car program
where the car body is octagonal 2 3
and there is a stop sign. 1 4

– Stop sign at (150, 10), size 40 8 5

• post at (165, 50), size 10x30, brown fill 7 6

– Write an octagon function to draw the car body / stop sign.

• Points of car body, located at (10, 10):
1. (10, 20), 2. (20, 10), 3. (100, 10), 4. (110, 20),
5. (110, 50), 6. (100, 60), 7. (20, 60), 8. (10, 50)
• Points of stop sign, located at (150, 10):
1. (150, 20), 2. (160, 10), 3. (180, 10), 4. (190, 20),
5. (190, 40), 6. (180, 50), 7. (160, 50), 8. (150, 40)

(An octagon has 10x10 triangular cuts in each corner.)

17
 Animation
• Pause the panel by calling sleep
animation.py
1 from drawingpanel import *
2
3 panel = DrawingPanel(350, 300)
4 for i in range(20):
5 # clear any previous image
6 panel.canvas.create_rectangle(0, 0, 400, 400,
outline="white", fill="white")
7
8 panel.canvas.create_polygon(20 * i, 50, 20 * i,
100, 20 * i + 50, 75)
9 panel.sleep(100)

18
 Exercise
• Animate the car to make it drive across the panel using the
sleep function.

19