SAMPLING

 Sampling is the process of selecting

representative units of a population for study
in a research.
 It is the process of selecting a subset of a
population in order to obtain information
regarding a phenomenon in a way that
represents the entire population
 Sampling is a procedure by which there is
selection of part of the totality and testing the
part to draw interference about the total.
 Is the process of selecting a portion of the
population.
 Is the process of selecting a sample from the
target population .A target population consists
of the total group of people or objects
meeting the designated set of criteria of
interest to the researchers.
 PURPOSES OF SAMPLING
 Economical: With the help of sampling the researcher can
save time, money and resources to study a
phenomenon .therefore sampling provides an economical
option for the researcher to generate empirical evidences.
 Improved quality of data : It is proven fact that when a
person handles less amount the work or fever number of
people, then it is easier to ensure the quality of the outcome .
similarly in R. when researcher handling information from only
a part of the population under study it is easer to maintain the
quality of R. work.
 Quick study results:Studying an entire population it self will
take a lot of time and generating R. results .

 precision and accuracy of data:Sampling provides Rr . With

the voluminousdata and maintaining precision of the data ,it is
always easy to establish better rapport with the sample to
collect more accurate data.
 Terminology used in sampling

TARGET
POPULATIO POPULATION
N

ACCESSIBLE
POPULATIO
N

SAMPL
E
subjects
ADVANTAGES OF
SAMPLING
 Economy in expenditure.
 Economy in time.
 Greater scope.
 Greater accuracy.
 Organization of convenience.
 Intensive and exhaustive data
 Suitable in limited resources.
 Better Rapport
DISADVANTAGES OF
SAMPLING
 Chances of bias.
 Difficulty in getting
representative supply.
 Need for specialized knowledge.
 Changeability of units.
 Impossibility of sampling.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
SAMPLE

There are various qualities and

characteristic features that makes a sample
good.

NO
FREE FROM SUBSTITUTIO
REPRESENTAT APPROPRIATE
BIASE AND N AND
IVEness SAMPLE size
ERRORS INCOMPLETE
NESS
THE SAMPLING PROCESS
Sampling is a process of selecting a part of
assigned population to represent the entire
population.
The procedure of sampling should be
systematically organized. The sampling process
consisting of following stages:
 Identifying and define the target population.
 Describe the accessible population and specify
sampling frame.
 Specify sampling unit
 Specify sampling method of measurement.
 Determine sample size.
 Specify Sampling plan.

 Selecting a desired sample.

 METHODS OF SAMPLING
1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING/RANDOM

2. NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING/NON-RANDOM .

The quality or state of being probable; the extent to which

something is likely to happen or be the case.

Definitions:

Probability sampling is defined as a sampling technique in

which the researcher chooses samples from a larger
population using a method based on the theory
of probability. For a participant to be considered as
a probability sample, he/she must be selected using a random
selection.
Non-probability sampling, the sample is
selected based on non-random criteria,
and not every member of the population
has a chance of being included.
Common non-probability sampling
methods include convenience sampling,
voluntary response sampling,
purposive sampling,
snowball sampling, and quota
sampling.
METHODS/TECHNIQUES/TYPES OF
SAMPLING NON- PROPABILITY/NON
RANDOM SAMPLING
PROPABILITY/  Convenience
RANDOM SAMPLING sampling/accidental
 Simple random  purposive/ judgemental
sampling  Quota sampling
 stratified random
 Snow ball sampling
 Theoretical sampling
sampling
 Voluntary sampling
 systemic random  Mode instance sampling
sampling  Expert sampling
 cluster random  Diversity sampling
sampling  Event sampling
 random route  Time sampling
sampling
Factors influencing sampling
and sampling process
• Inexperienced investigator
• Lack of interest
Nature of the
• Lack of honesty
researcher
• Intensive work load
• Inadequate supervision

• In appropriate sampling
technique
Nature of sample
• Sample size
• Defective sampling frame

• Lack of time
• Large geographical area
circumstances
• Lack of co operation
• Natural calamities
CRITERIA FOR SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

 Purpose of the survey

 Measurability
 Degree of precision
 Information about population
 The nature of population
 Geographical area of the study
& the size of the population
 Financial recourses
 Time limitation
 Economy
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
 1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING:-
 It is one in which each possible sample of ‘n’
different units has an equal chance of being
selected, which also implies that every
member of the population has an equal
chance of selection into the sample.
 This type of sample, sampling is done without
replacement so that no unit can appear more
than once in the sample . Thus if from a
population consisting of 4 members A B C & D
a simple random sample of n=2 to be drawn
there will be 6 possible samples without
replacement , AB AC AD BC BD & CD. One
can easily see how each member in this list is
picked for 3 of the 6 possible samples or has
an equal chance(3/6=1/2)of selection
merits

 It requires minimum knowledge

about the population in advance
which is needed in the case of
purposive sampling.
 The method is free from
classification errors.
 Sampling errors can be easily
computed and accuracy of the
estimate easily assessed.
demerits
 This method does not make use of
the knowledge about the population.
 The size of the sample require to
ensure statistical reliability is usually
large under stratified sampling.
 From the point of view of field survey
it has been claimed that the case
selected by random sampling.
 The use of simple random sampling
necessities a completely catagued
universe from which to draw the
sample.
SYSTEMATIC OR QUASI
RANDOM SAMPLING
 systematic sampling involves the selection of
every K th case from a list or group such as
every 10th person on a patient list.
 It is estimated by drawing every nth element
from an existing list beginning at a randomly
determined point.
 K = N/n
 K= Sampling intravel , N=Number of elements
in the population, n= number sample proposed
to constitute the sample.
 A systematic sample is formed by selecting
every ‘n’th item from the universe where ‘n’
refers to the sampling interval.
merits

 This method is simple to follow.

 This method distributes the
sample more evenly over the
entire listed population .
demerits

 This method is truly random .all

items selected from the sample
or samples of predetermined by
the constant interval.
 This method may some times
result into a badly biased
sample.
MERITS

 A random stratified sample is

superior to a simple random
sample
 a random stratified sample can
be kept small in size with out
losing its accuracy
 Characteristic of each stratum
can be estimated
DEMERITS

 Proportionate stratification
requires accurate information on
proportion of population in each
stratum.
 It is very costly to prepare
stratified lists of all members.
 there is always a possibility of
faulty classification and hence
increase in variability.
CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING
Is a procedure of selection in which
the unit of selection called as
cluster sampling method .
Cluster sampling process involves
following steps:

 Identify clusters
 Examine the nature of cluster
 Determine the number of stages
MERITS

 This method is much easier &

more convenient to apply when
large population are studied.
 the cost of this method is much
less
 does not require more time
DEMERITS

 It may produce larger sampling

error
 Sampling bias may be there
due to unequal size of the sub
groups selected.
RANDOM ROUTE SAMPLING

 It is a probability sampling
procedure that is useful in
marketing research , house
holds , businesses need to be
sampled
 In RR sampling the interviewer
randomly selects an address
than identifies the subsequent
addresses by a pre determind
random process.
NON PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
 1. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING:-
It is also known as Judgemental
Sample.
Selection of the design by choice not
by chance.
A sample is chosen which is thought to
be typical of the universe with regard
to the characteristics under
investigation.
MERITS

 It is very simple to draw.people

often used it in exploratory
investigations which precede
major surveys.
 It is less costly and invols the
less field work.
 It is more representative of
tipical conditions than the
random sampling.
DEMERITS

 It is not always reliable.

 It requires from the researcher
considerable knowledge about
the population.
QUOTA SAMPLING
 A method of selecting a sample often
employed in market and public
opinion polls is that of quota
sampling in which an interviewer
instead of receiving a list of names
and addresses to be interviewed,
receives the quota or the number of
interviews which he has to conduct
of persons who satisfy certain
conditions about sex, age, income
etc.,
MERITS

 It is less costly .
 It is administratively easy .
 It is most suited in a situation
where the field work has to be
done quickly.
 It is independent of existence of
sampling.
DEMERITS

 It is not possible to estimate

sampling errors.
 It may not provide arepresentative
sample of respondents despite there
being instructions .
 This type of sample the investigator
very often select those respondents
whom he knows.
Convenient or accidental sampling
 The major form of non-probable sampling ,
in this method Rr selects those units of
population where he/she conducting research
. The management of the may tell the
researcher that certain individuals alone can
be included in the sample while others
cannot.
 It is also termed accidental sampling is a non
probability sampling procedure in which the
sampling units are selected simply because
they are available – they are in the right place
at the right time that is convenient for the
investigators purposes.
Advantages
 This method is the cheapest
and simplest
 It does not require list of
population
Disadvantages:
 Convenience sampling is highly
biased
 The findings cannot be
generalized
SNOW BALL SAMPLING
 It is also known as nominated sampling, is
a non probability sampling procedure in
which study subjects are asked to provide
referrals to other study subjects .
 In this method of sampling investigator
identify individual respondents whom they
believe to have pertinent information
related to their study .
 This sampling technique is also termed
network sampling or link tracing sampling.
Advantages:
 It is very useful in studying social groups
 It is useful in smaller population

Disadvantages:
 It does not allow the probability statistical
method.
 it is difficulty to apply when the population
is large.
 it does not ensure the inclusion of all the
elements in the list.
THEORETICAL SAMPLING
 Is a non probability approach to
sampling most often associated
with the qualitative research,
primarily the grounded theory
method
 the researcher may change the
focus of the research questions
the locations where the
questions are asked or the
participents in the study .
VOLUNTARY SAMPLING

 Is a type of non probability

sampling procedure in which
volunteers either offer or actively
recruited to participate in the
study.
MODAL INSTANCE
SAMPLING
 Is a type of non probability
sampling composed of subjects
who represents the typical case
that is constructed by the
researcher for purpose of the
study.
EXPERT SAMPLING

 Is a non probability sampling

procedure in which researcher
selects study participants based
on the need to ascertain how
experts in a field would react to
or judge the phenomena of
interest for the study.
DIVERSITY SAMPLING

 Is also termed heterogeneity

sampling , is a non probability
sampling procedure used when
the investigator requires that
subjects with a wide veriety of
options or views be included in
the sample.
EVENT SAMPLING
 Is a non probability sampling procedure in
which the investigator is concerned only
with the sampling from those specific
occurrence & events that are relevant to
the study.
 EX: The research student who wrote
proposal “compliance with universal
precautions” would collect her data about
nurses using universal precautions only
when they were working with children.
TIME SAMPLING
 Is a non probability sampling procedure
used by the researcher who are concerned
with collecting data on activities that takes
place at specific times of the day or night.
 Ex: A researcher who wanted to observe
what was happening during meal time in a
intermediate care facility would collect data
only at the times meals were being served.
Than-q