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6.1 Structure of A Flower and 6.2: Development of Pollen Grain and Embryo Sac

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Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs. The male organs are the stamen which contain the anther and filament. The anther produces pollen grains through meiosis. The female organs are the carpel which contain the ovary, style and stigma. The ovary contains one or more ovules. Each ovule develops an embryo sac containing eight nuclei that develop into the egg cell, central cell and three antipodal cells through mitosis and cell differentiation. Pollination involves pollen grains fertilizing the egg cell in the ovule to produce seeds.

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6.1 Structure of A Flower and 6.2: Development of Pollen Grain and Embryo Sac

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wickedbiology101
119 views36 pages
Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs. The male organs are the stamen which contain the anther and filament. The anther produces pollen grains through meiosis. The female organs are the carpel which contain the ovary, style and stigma. The ovary contains one or more ovules. Each ovule develops an embryo sac containing eight nuclei that develop into the egg cell, central cell and three antipodal cells through mitosis and cell differentiation. Pollination involves pollen grains fertilizing the egg cell in the ovule to produce seeds.

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Form 5 Biology Chapter 6: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

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6.1 Structure of a Flower and 6.2: Development of Pollen Grain and Embryo Sac

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Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs. The male organs are the stamen which contain the anther and filament. The anther produces pollen grains through meiosis. The female organs are the carpel which contain the ovary, style and stigma. The ovary contains one or more ovules. Each ovule develops an embryo sac containing eight nuclei that develop into the egg cell, central cell and three antipodal cells through mitosis and cell differentiation. Pollination involves pollen grains fertilizing the egg cell in the ovule to produce seeds.

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© All Rights Reserved
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119 views36 pages

6.1 Structure of A Flower and 6.2: Development of Pollen Grain and Embryo Sac

Uploaded by

wickedbiology101
Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs. The male organs are the stamen which contain the anther and filament. The anther produces pollen grains through meiosis. The female organs are the carpel which contain the ovary, style and stigma. The ovary contains one or more ovules. Each ovule develops an embryo sac containing eight nuclei that develop into the egg cell, central cell and three antipodal cells through mitosis and cell differentiation. Pollination involves pollen grains fertilizing the egg cell in the ovule to produce seeds.

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Chapter 6:

Sexual
Reproduction in
Flowering Plants
6.1 Structure of a Flower
6.1 Structure of a Flower
• flowers are the most distinctive organs in the angiosperms
• Functions of flower:
• The beauty and scent of flowers which have evolved, attract animals and
insects
• play a role in ensuring the survival of species
• contain the plant reproductive structures
• Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs.
Anther
Stamen Stil Carpel
(male (female reproductive
reproductive organ) organ)
Filament Ovary

Ovule
Peduncle
Comparison between Male and Female Structures
in a Flower
Anther

• Functions:
• Is a male reproductive
organ
• Produces pollen grains
for fertilization
Ovary

• Functions:
• Is a female reproductive
organ
• Contains ovule/embryo
sac for fertilization
• Grows into fruit after
fertilization
Petal

• Function:
• Has a bright color to
attract pollinating agents
FORMATIVE
PRACTICE
SELANGOR 2014
6.2
Development of
Pollen
Grains and
Embryo Sac
The Formation of Pollen Grains in an
Anther
• During the development of
anther, a group of tissues grows
insid each lobe to form four
pollen sacs.
• In each pollen sac, there are
hundreds of pollen mother
cells, called microspore mother
cells which are diploid (2n).
microspore mother cell
• The microspore mother cell
divides by meiosis to produce
four haploid (n) microspore
cells.
• These four microspore cells are
collectively known as tetrad.
• Each cell in the tetrad develops
into a pollen grain.
microspore mother cell

• The nucleus in the pollen grain


divides by mitosis and produces
two nuclei, namely the
generative nucleus and tube
nucleus.
• The wall of the pollen sac,
which is thick and waterproof,
breaks when the pollen grain
matures.
• The pollen grains are released.
D
B
B
D
FORMATIVE PRACTICE
PERAK 2012
FORMATIVE PRACTICE
TERENGGANU 2014
The Formation of
Embryo Sac in an Ovule
Ovule
• develop from a layer of tissues inside the
ovary.
• A single ovary may contain one or more
ovules
• attaches to the ovary wall through a stalk
called the funicle
• area of attachment of the funicle to the ovary
is called the placenta.
• placenta supplies nutrients to the ovule
through the funicle.
• A mass of tissues inside the ovary develops
forming a lump called nucellus
• nucellus consists of parenchyma tissue
Ovule
• nucellus tissue develops into two
layers called the integument.
• Micropyle:
• is a little opening at the end of the
integument
• Allows the entry of air and water into the
seed during germination.
• One of the nucellus cells is the
megaspore mother cell or also known
as the embryo sac mother cell which
will develop to form an embryo sac
• The megaspore mother
cell (2n) divides by
meiosis to produce four
haploid (n) megaspore
cells.
• Three of the megaspore
cells degenerate and
only one megaspore cell
develops.
• The nucleus of the cell
that has developed,
divides mitotically three
times to produce a cell
with eight nuclei
• Three nuclei move to one
end of the embryo sac to
form three antipodal cells.
• Another three nuclei move
to the opposite end of the
embryo sac and form two
synergid cells and one egg
cell.
• Two nuclei in the centre of
the embryo sac form the
polar nuclei

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