Operating System

LECTURER
AMEER SAMEER HAMOOD
UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - INFORMATION NETWORKS

[email protected]
Have the Courage to follow your heart and intuitions.
Somehow they already know what you want to become.
(Steve Jobs)

‫ امتلك الشجاعة لتتبع قلبك وحدسك‬.

‫بطريقة ما هم يعرفون بالفعل ما تريد ان تكونه‬
(‫وبز‬W‫تيفج‬WW‫)س‬
Overview : Chapter 1

 What is an Operating System and OS goals

 Computer System Components:
 Operating System Functions
 Computer-System Operation
 Storage Structure
 Operating-System Structure
 Simple Batch System
 Multiprogramming
 Advantages of parallel system
 Real-Time Systems
 Distributed Systems and Advantages of distributed systems.
 What is an Operating System?

An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a

computer and the computer hardware. The purpose of an
operating system is to provide an environment in which a user
can execute programs in a convenient (suitable) and efficient
manner.
Goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
 Computer System Components

 1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).

 2. Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs
for the various users.
 3. Applications programs – define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users (compilers, database systems, video games, business programs).
 4. Users (people, machines, other computers). Abstract View of System Components A computer system can
be divided roughly into four components: the hardware, the operating system, the application programs, and the
users.
Computer System Components
 Operating System Functions

 Resource allocator – manages and allocates resources.

 Control program – controls the execution of user programs and operations of I/O devices.
 Kernel – the one program running at all times (all else being application programs).
 Computer-System Operation

 For a computer to start running—for instance, when it is powered up or rebooted—it needs to have an initial
program to run.
 This initial program, or bootstrap program, Typically, it is stored within the computer hardware in read-only
memory (ROM) or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), known by the general
term firmware. It initializes all aspects of the system, from CPU registers to device controllers to memory
contents.
 The bootstrap program must know how to load the operating system and how to start executing that system.
 To accomplish this goal, the bootstrap program must locate the operating-system kernel and load it into memory.
A modern computer system

Figure 1.2 A modern computer system.

 Storage Structure

 1. Main memory is usually too small to store all needed programs and data permanently.
 2. Main memory is a volatile storage device that loses its contents when power is turned off or otherwise
lost. Thus, most computer systems provide secondary storage as an extension of main memory. The
main requirement for secondary storage is that it be able to hold large quantities of data permanently
Storage device hierarchy
Operating-System Structure
 Simple Batch System

A batch system is when a computer is programmed to

batch together a number of transactions for processing at a
specific time. The main idea behind this is to save
processing time and resource so these are available for
more urgent transactions that need to be processed quicker.

Batch processing is a technique in which an Operating

System collects the programs and data together in a batch
before processing starts.
An operating system does the following activities related to batch processing
−
- The OS defines a job which has predefined sequence of commands,
programs and data as a single unit.
- The OS keeps a number a jobs in memory and executes them without any
manual information.
- Jobs are processed in the order of submission, i.e., first come first served
fashion.
- When a job completes its execution, its memory is released and the output
for the job gets copied into an output spool for later printing or processing.
Batch processing
 Batch processing

 Advantages
 Batch processing takes much of the work of the operator to the computer.
 Increased performance as a new job get started as soon as the previous job is finished,
without any manual intervention.
 Disadvantages
 Difficult to debug program.
 A job could enter an infinite loop.
 Due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect pending jobs.
 OS Features Needed for
Multiprogramming

 Sharing the processor, when two or more programs reside in memory at the same time, is
referred as multiprogramming. Multiprogramming assumes a single shared processor.
Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always
has one to execute.
 I/O routine supplied by the system.
 Memory management – the system must allocate the memory to several jobs.
 CPU scheduling – the system must choose among several jobs ready to run.
 Allocation of devices.
 Multiprogramming

 Advantages
 High and efficient CPU utilization.
 User feels that many programs are allotted (distribute) CPU almost simultaneously.
 Disadvantages
 CPU scheduling is required.
 To accommodate many jobs in memory, memory management is required.
 Parallel Systems

 Personal computers – computer system dedicated to a single user. I/O devices –

keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers. Parallel Systems Multiprocessor
systems with more than one CPU in close communication. Tightly coupled system –
processors share memory and a clock; communication usually takes place through the
shared memory.
 Advantages of parallel system:
  Increased throughput
  Economical
  Increased reliability
  fail-soft systems
 Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

Symmetric multiprocessing
Asymmetric multiprocessing
(SMP)
 
 
- Each processor runs an - Each processor is assigned a
identical copy of the operating specific task; master processor
system. schedules and allocates work
- Many processes can run at to slave processors.
once without performance - More common in extremely
deterioration (drop). large systems
- Most modern operating  
systems support SMP
 

Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

An AMP system: An SMP system:
Multiple CPUs Multiple CPUs
Each of which may be a different architecture [but Each of which has the same architecture
can be the same]
Each has its own address space CPUs share memory space [or, at least, some of it]

Each may or may not run an OS [and the OSes need Normally an OS is used and this is a single
not be the same] instance(copy) that runs on all the CPUs, dividing
work between them
Some kind of communication facility between the Some kind of communication facility between the
CPUs is provided CPUs is provided [and this is normally shared
memory]
 Real-Time Systems

 Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as controlling scientific

experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, and some display
systems. Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
 Hard real-time system. Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short-
term memory, or read-only memory (ROM) Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not
supported by general-purpose operating systems.
 Soft real-time system Limited utility in industrial control or robotics
 Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring advanced operating-
system features.
 Distributed Systems

 A distributed system is a model in which

components located on networked computers
communicate and coordinate their actions by
passing messages.
 Distributed Environment

 A distributed environment refers to multiple independent CPUs or processors in a

computer system. An operating system does the following activities related to
distributed environment −
 The OS distributes computation logics among several physical processors.
 The processors do not share memory or a clock. Instead, each processor has its own
local memory.
 The OS manages the communications between the processors. They communicate
with each other through various communication lines.
 Advantages of distributed systems.

 Resources Sharing
  Computation speed up – load sharing
  Reliability
  Communications
  Network Operating System
  provides file sharing
  provides communication scheme
  runs independently from other computers on the network
  Distributed Operating System
  less autonomy between computers
 Gives the impression (looks like) there is a single operating system controlling the network.