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Magnetic Materials Assignment Help

3.1) Use the Lorentz force to describe how the angular frequency
w changes for a circular electron orbit (e.g. a classical Bohr
orbit) in the xy plane when a magnetic field is applied along the
z axis.

3.2) Derive the expressions for total energy En and radius of

circular electron orbits of radius rn in Bohr's model. Evaluate
the constants E1 and r1 in SI units.
3.3) Calculate the classical angular momentum and the magnetic
moment for a uniform
shell of charge -|e| and radius rotating with
angular velocity w. What
is the gyromagnetic ratio for this particle? What is the
surface velocity? (This
problem was considered by Max Abraham in 1903, more
than 20 years before
Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit hypothesized that electrons spin
with a gyromagnetic
ratio twice that for orbital motion).
3.4) Compare essential characteristics of Lenz's Law
(macroscopic) and diamagnetism. How are they similar and how
different?
3.5) Calculate the dimension at which diamagnetism crosses
over to 2 paramagnetism for a metal with
relaxation time, mean free
path, = mean drift velocity of change carriers.
3.6) a) Evaluate the ratio of integrals in the classical
expression in the notes for

b) Show that L(s) = coth (x)-1/s goes to x/3 in the limit that
x approaches zero.

Discuss.

c) Show
discuss.
3.7) Show that the units
of
so that if N is number of atoms per unit volume, X is
dimensionless. However, if N is v Avogadro's number. (in
which case x is the molar susceptibility
it must be multiplied to compare with
by
3.8) Calculate the paramagnetic susceptibility of diatomic
oxygen at room temperature and compare it with the
experimental, room temperature (cgs) value
3.4 x 10-3.

3.9) Calculate the diamagnetic susceptibility of atomic He

assuming and compare with the room temperature
cgs value

3.10) Derive a classical expression for the diamagnetic

susceptibility of an electron in circular orbit by considering the
change in its angular momentum due to the electric field
induced as a B field is slowly turned on normal to the orbit
plane in time dt.
3.11) Analyze the condition for which the paramagnetic and
diamagnetic susceptibilities are equal and opposite for a
classical Bohr atom with orbital but not spin magnetic
moment. Discuss.
3.12) Calculate the orbital magnetic moment of an electron in
a circular Bohr
orbit.
and compare the results. Which one is correct? Why?
3.13) A very thin film (t < mean free path) may exhibit
diamagnetism in an external field perpendicular to the film
plane. Explain how application of the field in the plane of the
film could change the sign of this effect.
3.14) Write the electronic configuration the
spectroscopic notation
and effective magneton number
[J(J+1) + S(S+1) - L(L+1)]/2J(J+1) for Cr3+, Fe3+
and Co2+.
3.15) a) Show that Bj(x) reduces to the Langevin function L(x)
, with x= mmB/kT, in the limit J approaches infinity.
b) Show that B1/2(x) = tanh (x)

and thus in this limit

d) Show that as x approaches infinity, Bj(x) approaches 1, i.e.

M = Nvg mB mJ .

Describe the physical significance of each case.

3.16) The Landé g factor is used to account for the fact that
is not collinear with J = L + S because mL= mB ml =
(eh /2m)ml whereas ms =2 mBms. Derive the expression for g
in terms of the quantum numbers l, s and j. Make use of the
facts that because L and S precess around J, then
also precess around J and it is the projection of on J that
is measured.
3.17) What type(s) of magnetism would you expect to find and
why in a) NaCl b) MnSO4 . 4H2O c) Fe3O4 d) H2O (or Ne) e)
metallic Cu?
Solutions
3.1) I have two solutions to this problem. Which do you
prefer?

FIRST: 3.1) The Lorentz force, F = q(v x B), is everywhere

directed along the radius vector. The torque on the orbital
motion, T = dL/dt, is given by r x F, which is zero. Hence, the
Lorentz force cannot change the angular momentum or the
angular frequency . Alternatively, the circular orbit
generates an angular momentum and orbital magnetic moment
that are directed parallel or antiparallel to the applied field. The
torque due to the B field acting on this moment

However, the presence of the magnetic field does add a new

potential energy to the problem that should change something
other than If the electron is described
classically (which is the limit of our treatment so far), it can
assume an orbit of a different radius as B is applied. (If it is
treated quantum mechanically, it may not incrementally
change its radius, but can only do so in quantized steps that
correspond to discrete energy differences.) So the energy of
the system may be written:
s -1) and radius (ro = 0.52 A) respectively. Thus,

How significant is the magnetic field term in the denominator?

Even classically, the change in orbit radius is insignificant.

These contradicting results underscore the limitations of the
classical Bohr model.

SECOND: The Lorentz force, F = q(v x B), is everywhere

directed along the radius vector. A circular orbit would result
from a central force
its total energy, E=T+V= is c on served with
application of B
If the electron is described classically (which is the limit of
our treatment so far), it can assume an orbit of a different
radius as B is applied. (If it is treated quantum mechanically,
it may not incrementally change its radius, but can only do so
in quantized steps that correspond to discrete energy
differences.)
The force balance describing the classical, field-
induced change in the electron orbit is
 To see how the angular frequency w varies with B we write the
force balance as

where wL = eB/m which is of order ,

this equation suggests the definition:
If we assume the radius is unchanged with application of B,
then this equation is quadratic in w, and has the solution

or, considering the smallness of

At B = 0 this reduced to w = ±w . For o

increasing B, w increases or decreases
as shown at right and asymptotically
approaches the straight line w = wL = e
B/m for very large B. For
experimentally achievable values of B,

If we do not assume r = ro, then we must solve the equation of

motion for r. We assume
giving:
 which, if we take w = w0, gives:

Thus, application of a field increases or decreases the radius

of the orbit depending on the sign of the B field.

b) Use coth(s ) = 1/x + s/3 +…. The result is the classical Curie
law for magnetization at weak fields/high temperatures

c) Both sinh and cosh appraoch infinity for infinite argument,

so coth(s Æ ∞) = 1. This describes saturation, at which point
the thermally averaged moment in the field direction is equal
to the magnitude of the moment:
 3.10) Using Stokes'
theorem gives

3.11) 0 implies

The larger the paramagnetic moment squared, the larger the

area of the diamagnetic orbit must be to cancel it out at a given
T.

Going further, for a classical orbit, µm = gL = ( e/2m) mvr =

evr /2, so the condition becomes
This says that the higher the kinetic energy of the classical
orbit, the higher the T at which
This is because higher EK requires a smaller orbit which
has smaller area
and smaller diamagnetism; the small diamagnetism is only
canceled out by the paramagnetism when the temperature is
large enough to suppress the Curie paramagnetism. At lower
temperatures, the paramagnetism dominates.
However, using w =
They differ by a factor of 2.
The latter is correct, classically. The former is wrong because
it makes use of the Einstein relation for the energy of a
photon. This then gives w = 1/2 w which is wrong as is the
first estimate.
3.13) The diamagnetic contribution of free electrons in metals
(between scattering events) is small. But for thin films or
wires, the presence of narrow boundaries changes
diamagnetism to paramagnetism for B perpendicular to the
thin dimension. This effect is illustrated below.
3.14 Cr3+ = 3d3. l = 3, s = 3/2, j = l - s = 3/2, thus 4F3/2 g =
0.4, neff = 3.87 Fe3+ = 3d5. l = 0, s = 5/2, j = 5/2, thus: 6S5/2
g = 2 (l = 0) and neff = 5.92 Co2+ = 3d7. (3 holes whereas
Cr3+ has 3e's)l = 3, s = 3/2, j = 9/2, thus: 4F9/2 g = 1.33, neff
= 6.63
3.16) Experiment measures the projection of mJ on the
direction J about which it precesses:

cosC applied to the vector triangle L + S = J gives (writing

√l(l+1) as L for convenience):
cos(LJ) = [L2 + J2 - S2]/[2L J]
cos (SJ) = [S2 + J2 - L2]/[2S J]
uj = mB [(L2 + J2 - S2) + 2(S2 + J2 - 2L)]/2J
uJ = mB (3J2 - L2 + S2)/2J = mB J(2J2 + J 2+ S2 - L2)/2J2
uJ = mB J[1 + (J2 + S2 - L2)/2J2]
Restoring the proper quantum mechanical lengths for the
vectors, leads to

3.17) a) NaCl: diamagnetic (temperature independent)

because this ionic crystal satisfies complete octets in each
component. No paramagnetism.

b) MnSO4 . 4H2O: Mn is in state Mn ++ 3d5. It will not order

ferromagnetically. Superexchange giving antiferromagnetism
is a possibility, but it is not observed, probably because
oxygen bonds primarily with the sulfur and so it is not
available for mediating exchange between Mn ions. So this is
a paramagnetic salt with some diamagnetism supplied by H20.
x~1/T and M vs. H/T follows B5/2 (x).

c) Fe 304: this is a classic antiferromagnetically coupled two

sublattice system: Fe3+ is on one site (A) and Fe3+ and Fe2+
on the other (B). mA = -5µB and mB = +9µB so net moment
is 4 mB.
d) Ne is diamagnetic as is H 20. Former has complete octet l =
s = 0, latter has covalent bonds with paired spins. In both
cases c < 0 and temperature independent
e) Cu is a Pauli paramagnet
which is temperature independent, x > 0