ORGANIC
SYNTHESIS
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Functional groups
• Extending a carbon chain
• Chiral synthesis - introduction
Learning outcomes
Organic synthesis
For an organic molecule containing several
functional groups:
(a) identify organic functional groups
using the reactions in the syllabus
(b) predict properties and reactions.
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Involves the preparation of new compounds from others.
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Involves the preparation of new compounds from others.
Many industrial processes involve a multi stage process where functional
groups are converted into other functional groups.
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Involves the preparation of new compounds from others.
Many industrial processes involve a multi stage process where functional
groups are converted into other functional groups.
When planning a synthetic route, chemists must consider...
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Involves the preparation of new compounds from others.
Many industrial processes involve a multi stage process where functional
groups are converted into other functional groups.
When planning a synthetic route, chemists must consider...
• the reagents required to convert one functional group into another
• the presence of other functional groups - in case also they react
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Involves the preparation of new compounds from others.
Many industrial processes involve a multi stage process where functional
groups are converted into other functional groups.
When planning a synthetic route, chemists must consider...
• the reagents required to convert one functional group into another
• the presence of other functional groups - in case also they react
• the conditions required - temperature, pressure, catalyst
• the rate of the reaction
• the yield - especially important for equilibrium reactions
• atom economy
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Involves the preparation of new compounds from others.
Many industrial processes involve a multi stage process where functional
groups are converted into other functional groups.
When planning a synthetic route, chemists must consider...
• the reagents required to convert one functional group into another
• the presence of other functional groups - in case also they react
• the conditions required - temperature, pressure, catalyst
• the rate of the reaction
• the yield - especially important for equilibrium reactions
• atom economy
• safety - toxicity and flammability of reactants and products
• financial economy - cost of chemicals, demand for product
• problems of purification
• possibility of optically active products
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Involves the preparation of new compounds from others.
Many industrial processes involve a multi stage process where functional
groups are converted into other functional groups.
When planning a synthetic route, chemists must consider...
• the reagents required to convert one functional group into another
• the presence of other functional groups - in case also they react
• the conditions required - temperature, pressure, catalyst
• the rate of the reaction
• the yield - especially important for equilibrium reactions
• atom economy
• safety - toxicity and flammability of reactants and products
• financial economy - cost of chemicals, demand for product
• problems of purification
• possibility of optically active products
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Functional groups
Common functional groups found in organic molecules include...
alkene
hydroxyl (alcohols)
haloalkane
carbonyl (aldehydes & ketones)
amine
nitrile
carboxylic acid
ester
ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
Involves the preparation of new compounds from others, for example…
POLYMERS DIBROMOALKANES KETONES
ALKANES ALKENES ALCOHOLS
ALDEHYDES
HALOGENOALKANES ESTERS
AMINES NITRILES CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Types of reactions
Types of reactions
Oxidising & reducing agents table
Oxidising &
reducing agents
table
Learning outcomes
Organic synthesis
Devise multi-step synthetic routes for
preparing organic molecules using the
reactions in the syllabus.
Multi step synthesis
• We can say that this type of synthesis requires the chemist to accomplish more
than just one reaction in order to obtain the final product. These series of
reactions are finalised to obtain a final target are called steps.
• For example, if A and B are the starting material and E is the wanted product, the
two steps required in this multi steps synthesis are as follow:
A+B → C
C+D → E
Learning outcomes
Organic synthesis
Analyse a given synthetic route in terms of
type of reaction and reagents used for each
step of it, and possible by-products.
• Students should be able to critically analyse given synthetic routes and determine
whether appropriate reagents and reaction conditions are used
• Students should also be able to predict possible by-product of a synthetic reaction
ORGANIC
SYNTHESIS
THE END
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