UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMIC UNIT-1
Bachelor of Engineering ( CSE)
SUBJECT NAME: Basics Electrical & Electronics Engineering
SUBJECT CODE : 21ELH-101
By
AKHIL NIGAM
GEAR MOTOR, SERVO MOTOR, STEPPER MOTOR & LINEAR MOTOR

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 Lecture
Objectives
S. No. Objectives

1 To make student aware about gear motor

2 To aware about need of servo and stepper motor

3 To provide knowledge about difference between servo and stepper motor

4 To give various applications of stepper and servo motor

https://library.automationdirect.com/basi
c-electrical-theory
5 To aware about linear motor with its construction and working /

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 Course
Objectives
S. No. Objectives

1 To meet students with basic knowledge of dc circuits, electromagnetism and ac fundamentals.

To aware about introduction to single and three phase ac circuit with their construction and
2 working principles.

3 To provide knowledge about electrical and electronics engineering fundamentals.

4 To acquire specific knowledge skills so as to comprehend how electric, magnetic and electronic
circuits are applied in practice.
https://library.automationdirect.com/basic-el
ectrical-theory/

3
 Course Outcomes
CO
Numbe Title Level
r

Identify the different types of electrical elements and the basic op-amp
CO1 circuit elements and to illustrate the various types of motors, transducers Remember
and batteries.

Understand basic principles of transformers, transducers, op-amps, DC

CO2 and AC motors and to compare the different methods for analyzing Understand
electrical and magnetic circuits.

Derive the relationships between parameters in electric and magnetic

CO3 circuits and motors and to determine specifications of op-amps. Analyze

Solve the basic problems related to electric circuits, magnetic circuits and
CO4 motors and to assess the characteristics of different configurations of op- Evaluate
amps. https://library.automationdirect.com/basic-el
ectrical-theory/
Design the different applications of transducers, motors as well as the op-
CO5 amps like adders, subtractor and comparators. Create

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 CONTENTS

Introduction to Gear motor with its construction and working.

 Introduction of servo motor.
Construction of servo motor.
Working principle of DC servomotor.
Advantages disadvantages,and applications of servo motor.
Stepper Motor with its working and types.
Advantages ,disadvantages and applications of stepper motor.
Linear motor with its construction and working.
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 WHAT IS A GEAR MOTOR?
• Gear motors are complete motive
force systems consisting of an electric
motor and a reduction gear train
integrated into one easy-to-mount and
–configure package.
• This greatly reduces the complexity
and cost of designing and constructing
power tools, machines and appliances
calling for high torque at relatively low
shaft speed or RPM. Fig-1-(geared motor)

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/422845852485215270/
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 OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF GEAR MOTOR
• Most synchronous AC electric motors have output ranges of from 1,200
to 3,600 revolutions per minute. They also have both normal speed and
stall-speed torque specifications.
• The reduction gear trains used in gear motors are designed to reduce
the output speed while increasing the torque. The increase in torque is
inversely proportional to the reduction in speed. Reduction gearing
allows small electric motors to move large driven loads, although more
slowly than larger electric motors.
• Reduction gears consist of a small gear driving a larger gear. There may
be several sets of these reduction gear sets in a reduction gear box.

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 TYPES OF GEAR MOTORS
• Helical gear motor
• Shaft mounted gear motor
• Bevel-geared motor
• Worm geared motor.

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 FEATURES OF GEAR MOTORS
Some of the salient features that geared motors possess are:
• Available in standard gear mechanism
• Available in non lubricated metal bearing gear mechanism Also,
available in planetary gear mechanism
• Provides speed reduction by the means of a gear box Increases the
torque ratio

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 FEATURES OF GEAR MOTORS
• Provides protection against overload and locked rotor
• Used as precautions for instantaneous reversing and dynamic braking
• Used in speed detection and control

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 MAIN AIM OF USING GEAR MOTORS

The main aim of using gear motors are:

• Everything in one box
• Easy to Control
• Wide range of sizes, speeds and options
• Mounting
• Durability
 APPLICATIONS OF GEAR MOTOR
•Garage door openers
•Stair lifts
•Timer cycle knobs on washing machines
•Power drills
•Cake mixers
•Electromechanical clocks
 WHAT IS THE MEANING OF
SERVO?
• In modern usage the term servo or servo-
mechanism is restricted to a feedback control
system in which the controlled variable is
mechanical position or time derivatives of
position such as velocity and acceleration.
• A servo is a device, electrical, mechanical or
electro mechanical, that upon receipt of a
input will employ feedback for velocity and/or
position control, creating a closed loop. Fig-1 (Servo Motor)
http://eee-resetsg.blogspot.com/2016/01/
construction-of-simple-servo-motor.html

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CONSTRUCTION OF SERVO MOTOR

Fig-2(construction of servo motor)

https://electricalbaba.com/basics-of-
servomechanism-and-servo-motor/
 Working principle of Servomotor
It is having three major parts:
1. Controlled device
2. Feedback system
3. Output sensor
 The servo motor works on the phenomenon of the automatic closed-loop system. The controller is
required for this closed-loop system.
 This controller is composed of a comparator and a feedback path. It has one output and two
inputs.
 In this, for producing an output signal, the comparator is used to compare the required reference
signal and this output signal is sensed by the sensor. The input signal for the motor is termed as a
feedback signal.
 On the basis of the feedback signal, the motor starts working. Comparator signal is called a logic
signal of the motor.
 The motor would be ON for the desired time when the logical difference is higher and the motor
would be OFF for the desired time when the logical difference is lower.
 Basically, a comparator is used to decide that motor would be ON or OFF. Proper functioning of the
motor can be done with the help of a good controller.
 ADVANTAGES
 High output power relative to motor size and weight.
 Encoder determines accuracy and resolution.
 High efficiency. It can approach 90% at light loads.
 High torque to inertia ratio. It can rapidly accelerate loads.
 Has "reserve" power. 2-3 times continuous power for short periods.
 Has "reserve" torque. 5-10 times rated torque for short periods.
 Motor stays cool. Current draw proportional to load.
 DISADVANTAGES
 Requires "tuning" to stabilize feedback loop.
 Motor "runs away" when something breaks. Safety circuits are
required.
 Brush wear out limits life to 2,000 hrs. Service is then required.
 Peak torque is limited to a 1% duty cycle.
 Motor can be damaged by sustained overload.
 Bewildering choice of motors, encoders, and servo-drives.
 Power supply current 10 times average to use peak torque.
 Motor develops peak power at higher speeds. Gearing often
required.
 Poor motor cooling. Ventilated motors are easily contaminated.
 APPLICATIONS
They play an important role in robotics information of robot
because of their smooth switching on or off and accurate positioning.
They are used in hydraulic systems to maintain hydraulic fluid in the
aerospace industry.
In radio controlled toys these are also used.
They are used to extend or replay the disc trays in electronic
devices such as DVDs or Blue-ray Disc players.
They are used to maintain the speed of vehicles in the automobile
industries.
 STEPPER MOTOR
 A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which
converts train of pulses into discrete mechanical movements.
 The shaft of motor rotates through a fixed angle for each
discrete pulse. This rotation can be linear or angular.
 When a train of pulses is applied, it gets turned through a
certain angle.
 The angle through which the stepper motor shaft turns for
each pulse is referred as step angle.
WORKING OF STEPPER MOTOR

Fig-3(stepper motor)
https://images.app.goo.gl/
PsZMXpQW5ZgWaqZi6
 OPERATION OF STEPPER MOTOR
 Each of those slight rotations is called a step, with an integer
number of steps making a full rotation.
 In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise.
 Stepper motor doesn’t rotate continuously, they rotate in steps.
 There are 4 coils with 90 deg angle between each other fixed on
the stator.
 The stepper motor connections are determined by the way the
coils are interconnected.
 In stepper motor, the coils are not connected together.
 The motor has 90deg rotation step with the coils being energized
in a cyclic order.
 WORKING OF STEPPER MOTOR
The stepper motor rotor is a permanent magnet, when the current flows through
the stator winding, the stator winding to produce a vector magnetic field.
The magnetic field drives the rotor to rotate by an angle so that the pair of
magnetic fields of the rotor and the magnetic field direction of the stator are
consistent. 
When the stator's vector magnetic field is rotated by an angle, the rotor also
rotates with the magnetic field at an angle.
Each time an electrical pulse is input, the motor rotates one degree further. The
angular displacement it outputs is proportional to the number of pulses input and
the speed is proportional to the pulse frequency. 
it can control the rotation of the stepping motor by controlling the number of
pulses, the frequency and the electrical sequence of each phase winding of the
motor.
TYPES OF STEPPER MOTOR

Fig-4(types of stepper motor)

https://circuitglobe.com/stepper-motor.html
 PERMANENT MAGNET STEPPER MOTOR

Permanent magnet motors use a

permanent magnet (PM) in the rotor.
It operate on the attraction or repulsion
between the rotor PM and the stator
electromagnets.
When the stator windings are excited with
DC supply, it produces magnetic flux and
establishes north poles and south poles.
Due to force of attraction and repulsion
between PM rotor poles and stator poles, the
rotor starts moving upto the position for Fig.5 Permanent magnet stepper motor

which pulses are given to the stator. https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/steppe

r-motor-basics-types-and-working/
 VARIABLE RELUCTANCE STEPPER MOTOR

•Variable reluctance (VR) motors have a

plain iron rotor and operate based on the
principle that minimum reluctance occurs
with minimum gap, hence the rotor points
are attracted toward the stator magnet
poles.
•All the stator poles are aligned in a Multi-
Stack motor. But the rotor poles are
displaced by 1/m of the pole pitch angle
Fig.6 variable stepper motor
from each other. 
https://circuitglobe.com/variable-reluctan
ce-stepper-motor.html
 HYBRID STEPPER MOTOR
•Hybrid stepper motors are named
because they use a combination of
permanent magnet (PM) and variable
reluctance (VR) techniques to achieve
maximum power in a small package
size.
•The Hybrid Stepper Motor is a
combination of the features of
the variable reluctance
Fig.7 hybrid stepper motor
motor and permanent magnet stepper
motor. https://circuitglobe.com/hybrid-stepper-motor.html
 STEPPER MOTOR ADVANTAGES
 The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.
 The motor has full torque at standstill.
 Excellent response to starting, stopping and reversing.
 Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor.
Therefore the life of the motor is simply dependant on the life of
the bearing.
 The motors response to digital input pulses provides open-loop
control, making the motor simpler and less costly to control.
 It is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation with
a load that is directly coupled to the shaft.
 STEPPER MOTOR DISADVANTAGES

 Resonances can occur if not properly controlled.

 Not easy to operate at extremely high speeds
 STEPPER MOTOR APPLICATIONS
 Industrial Machines – Stepper motors are used in automotive
gauges and machine tooling automated production equipment's.
 Security – new surveillance products for the security industry.
 Medical – Stepper motors are used inside medical scanners,
samplers, and also found inside digital dental photography, fluid
pumps, respirators and blood analysis machinery.
 Consumer Electronics – Stepper motors in cameras for automatic
digital camera focus and zoom functions.
 LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR
• A Linear Induction Motor (or LIM) is a
special type of induction motor used to
achieve rectilinear motion rather than
rotational motion as in the case of
conventional motors.
• Linear induction motors are quite an
engineering marvel, to convert a general
motor for a special purpose with more or
less similar working principle, thus
Fig.1 linear induction motor
enhancing its versatility of operation.
https://www.linearmotiontips.com/what-are-li
near-induction-motors/
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 CONSTRUCTION OF LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR

• The basic design and construction of a linear induction motor is similar

to a three phase induction motor, although it does not look like a
conventional induction motor. If we cut the stator of a polyphase
induction motor and lay on a flat surface, it forms the primary of the
linear induction motor system.
• Similarly, after cutting the rotor of the induction motor and making it
flat, we get the secondary of the system.
• There is another variant of LIM also being used for increasing efficiency
known as the Double Sided Linear Induction Motor or DLIM, as shown
in the figure below. It has primary on either side of the secondary, for
more effective utilization of the flux from both sides.
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 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LINEAR
INDUCTION MOTOR
• When the primary of a LIM gets excited by a balanced three-phase
power supply, a flux starts traveling along the entire length of the
primary.
• This linearly traveling magnetic field is equivalent to the rotating
magnetic field in the stator of a three phase induction motor or a
synchronous motor. Electric current gets induced in the conductors of
the secondary due to the relative motion between the traveling flux
and the conductors.
• Then the induced current interacts with the traveling flux wave to
produce linear force or thrust.

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LINEAR
INDUCTION MOTOR
• If the primary is fixed and the secondary is free to move, the force will
pull the secondary in the direction of the force and will result in the
required rectilinear motion.
• When we give supply to the system the developed field will result in a
linear travelling field, the velocity of which is given by the equation,
• Where fs is the supply frequency in Hz, Vs is the velocity of the linear
traveling field in meter per second, and t is the linear pole pitch i.e.
pole to pole linear distance in meter.

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 APPLICATION OF LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR

• Automatic sliding doors in electric trains.

• Mechanical handling equipment, such as propulsion of a train of tubs
along a certain route.
• Metallic conveyor belts.
• Pumping of liquid metal, material handling in cranes, etc.

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 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
1. Why servo motor is used for feedback system?
2. What are the different types of dc servo motor?
3. Discuss applications of servo motor.
4. What are the difference between variable and hybrid type stepper motor?
5. Discuss applications of stepper motor.
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Explain the operation of servo motor.

2. Explain the operation of stepper motor.
3. What are the different types of servo motor?

 
 To make students understand
• Concept of gear motor
LEARNING • operation of servo motor
OUTCOMES • Different types of servo motor
• Working of stepper motor
• Concept of linear motor

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 Course Outcome to Program Outcome
Relationship
(21ELH-101) BEEE
PO→

CO↓ PO PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
1

CO1 3 2 3

CO2 3 2 3

CO3 3 2 3

CO4 3 2 3

CO5 3 2 3

38
 ASSESSMENT PATTERN

A B C D E F G
Assignment Time Bound Quiz (each Mid Semester Homework Discussion Attendance
(each Surprise Test quiz) Test(one per Forums and
assignment) (each test) test) engagement
Score on BB

10 12 4 20 NA NA 2

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 REFERENCES
Text Books: 
• Basic Electrical Engineering, Nagrath, 2001, McGraw-Hill Education (India) PvtLimited
• Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bhattacharya, S.K., 2011, Pearson
Reference Books:
• Electric Circuits, Charles K. Alexander & Matthew N. O. Sadiku, 4th edition,McGraw-Hill. Publication
• Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, Vincent Del Toro, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall of India.
Websites:
• http://www.learnengineering.org/2014/10/Brushless-DC-motor.html
• http://www.electricaltechnology.org/2016/05/bldc-brushless-dc-motor-construction-working-principle.html
• https://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-geared-dc-motor-works
• https://www.tsukasa-d.co.jp/en/data_download/english_catalogue.pdf
• http://circuitglobe.com/linear-induction-motor.html
• http://www.explainthatstuff.com/linearmotor.html
• http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/motion_controls/motors/ac_servo_motors
• http://www.engineerlive.com/content/21559
• http://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/07/characteristics-of-dc-motors.html
THANK YOU

For queries
Email: [email protected]