Rectification: The process of

converting the alternating

voltages and currents to direct
currents
 High ripple factor,
 Low rectification efficiency,
 Low transformer utilization
factor, and,
 DC saturation of transformer
secondary winding.
 Performance Parameters

  Pdc / Pac rectification effeciency

2 2
Vac  Vrms  Vdc
FF  Vrms / Vdc form factor
ripple factor
2 2
Vac Vrms  Vdc 2
Vrms
RF    2
 1  FF 2  1
Vdc Vdc Vdc
 I S2  I S21 I S2
THDi   1
I S21 I S21

VS2  VS21 VS2

THDv   1
VS21 VS21

P VS I S1 cos 1 I S1
PF    cos 1
VS I S VS I S IS
 Distortion Factor * Displacement Faactor
.Single-phase half-wave diode rectifier with resistive load
  Vdc Vm
1 Vm I dc  
Vdc  
2 0
Vm sin t dt 

R  R

Vrms Vm
1

Vm I rms  

2 2
Vrms  Vm sin t dt  R 2R
2 0 2
Vm
the load and diode currents IS  ID 
2R
 Example 1: The rectifier shown in Fig.2.1 has a pure resistive
load of R Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor (c)
Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode D1.

1 V V Vdc Vm
Vdc 
2 
Vm sin(t ) dt  m ( cos   cos(0))  m
2 
I dc  
R R
0
 Vm
1 V I rms 
Vrms 
2 
(Vm sin t ) 2  m
2 2R
0
Vm Vm
*
Pdc V *I  R
  dc dc   40.53%
Pac Vrms * I rms Vm Vm .
*
Vm 2 2R
Vrms 2 
FF     1.57
Vdc Vm 2

Vac
RF   FF 2  1  1.57 2  1  1.211
Vdc
It is clear from Fig2.2 that the PIV is )d( Vm
Half Wave Diode Rectifier With R-L Load

Fig.2.3 Half Wave Diode Rectifier With R-L Load

  t 

Vm 
i (t )  sin  t     sin    e tan  
Z  
 
  
Vm  
tan  
i( )  sin       sin    e  0
Z  
 

Vm Vm
Vdc  *  sin t dt  * (1  cos  )
2 0 2

1 Vm
Vrms  *  (Vm sin t ) dwt 
2
*   0.5(1  sin(2  )
2 0 2 
 Single-Phase Full-Wave Diode Rectifier
Center-Tap Diode Rectifier
  2 Vm
1 2 Vm 
Vdc 
Vm sin t dt 

I dc
 R
0

1 Vm
 Vm sin t  Vm
2
Vrms  dt  I rms 
 2 2 R
0

= PIV of each diode 2Vm

Vm
IS  ID 
2R

Example 3. The rectifier in Fig.2.8 has a purely resistive load

of R Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple
factor (d) TUF (e) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode D1
and(f) Crest factor of transformer secondary current.
 2 Vm 2 Vm
*
Pdc Vdc * I dc  R
    81.05%
Pac Vrms * I rms Vm Vm
*
2 2R
Vm
Vrms 2 
FF     1.11
Vdc 2 Vm 2 2

Vac 2 2
RF   FF  1  1.11  1  0.483
Vdc
The PIV is 2Vm
Single-Phase Full Bridge Diode Rectifier With Resistive Load
 Example 4 single-phase diode bridge rectfier has a purely resistive load
of R=15 ohms and, VS=300 sin 314 t and unity transformer ratio.
Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor, (c) Ripple factor, (d) The
peak inverse voltage, (PIV) of each diode, , and, (e) Input power factor.
 2 Vm
1 2 Vm   12.7324 A
Vdc   Vm sin t dt   190.956 V I dc
 0   R
 1/ 2
1  Vm
Vrms    Vm sin t  dt 
2
  212.132 V
  0  2
Pdc Vdc I dc
   81.06 % Vrms
Pac Vrms I rms FF   1.11
Vdc
2
Vac Vrms  Vdc2 2
Vrms 2
RF    2
 1  FF  1  0.482 The PIV=300V
Vdc Vdc Vdc

Re al Power VS I S cos 
= Input power factor  1
Apperant Power VS I S
Full Bridge Single-phase Diode Rectifier with DC Load Current
 
2 2 Io
bn   I o * sin nt dt    cos nt  0
 0
n
2 Io 4 Io
  cos 0  cos n   for n  1, 3, 5, .......... ...
n n
4 Io 1 1 1 1
i (t )  * (sin t  sin 3t  sin 5t  sin 7t  sin 9t  ..........)
 3 5 7 9
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1  1 1  1   1   1 
THD( I s (t ))                       46%
 3   5   7   9   11   13   15 
4 Io
I S1 
2
2
 
2   2
 IS   Io   2 
THD ( I s (t ))     1  1     1  48.34%
 4 Io   4 
 I S1     
 2
 Example 5 solve Example 4 if the load is 30 A pure DC
From example 4 Vdc= 190.986 V, Vrms=212.132 V I dc  30 A and I rms = 30 A
Pdc Vdc I dc Vrms
   90 % FF   1.11
P V I Vdc
ac rms rms
2 2 2
Vac Vrms  Vdc Vrms 2
RF    2
 1  FF  1  0.482
Vdc Vdc Vdc
The PIV=Vm=300V
4 Io 4 * 30
I S1    27.01A
2 2
Re al Power
Input Power factor= 
Apperant Power
VS I S1 * cos I S1 * cos 27.01
  *1  0.9 Lag
VS I S IS 30
.Effect Of LS On Current Commutation Of Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier
  2Ls I o   4 LS I o
Vrd   4 f LS I o
u  cos 1 1   2
 Vm 

2Vm
Vdc actual  Vdc without sourceinduc tan ce  Vrd   4 fLs I o

2 I o2  u  8I o u 2 sin  u 
Is  I S1  pf 
  2  3  2 u
* sin
2  u 
u   
 2 3

Example 6 Single phase diode bridge rectifier connected to 11 kV, 50 Hz,

source inductance Ls=5mH supply to feed 200 A pure DC load, find: (i) Average
DC output voltage, (ii) Power factor. And (iii) Determine the THD of the utility line
current.

Vm  11000 * 2  15556V
2 *15556
Vdc actual   4 * 50 * 0.005 * 200  9703V

 1  2Ls I o  1  2 * 2 *  * 50 * 0.005 * 200 
u  cos 1    cos 1    0.285 rad .
 Vm   15556 
I S1 u 2 * sin  u  2 * sin  0.285
pf  * cos     0.917
IS 2  u    .285 
u    0.285   
 2 3 2 3 

2 I o2   u  2 * 200 2
  0.285 
IS   2  3       193.85 A
  2 3 
8I o u 8 * 200  0.285 
I S1  * sin  * sin    179.46 A
2 u 2 2  * 0.285  2 
2 2
 IS   193.85 

THDi   
 1     1  40.84%
 I S1   179.46 
Three-Phase Half Wave Rectifier
 5 / 6
3 3 3 Vm 3 3 Vm 0.827 * Vm
Vdc 
2  Vm sin t dt 
2
 0.827Vm I dc  
 /6 2 * * R R

5 / 6
3 1 3* 3
 Vm sin t 
2
Vrms  dt   Vm  0.8407 Vm
2 2 8
 /6
0.8407 Vm 08407 Vm Vm
I rms  Ir  IS   0.4854
R R 3 R
ThePIV of the diodes is 2 VLL  3 Vm
Example 7 The rectifier in Fig.2.21 is operated from
460 V 50 Hz supply at secondary side and the load 
resistance is R=20. If the source inductance is
negligible, determine (a) Rectification efficiency, (b)
Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse voltage
(PIV) of each diode.
 460
VS   265.58 V , Vm  265.58 * 2  375.59 V
3
3 3 Vm 3 3 Vm 0827 Vm
Vdc   0.827 Vm I dc  
2 2 R R
Vrms  0.8407 Vm 0.8407 Vm
I rms 
R
Pdc Vdc I dc
   96.767 %
Pac Vrms I rms
Vrms
FF   101.657 %
Vdc
2 2 2
Vac Vrms  Vdc Vrms 2
RF    2
 1  FF  1  18 .28 %
Vdc Vdc Vdc
=The PIV 3 Vm=650.54V
Three-Phase Half Wave Rectifier With DC Load Current and zero
source induct

New axis
  /3
1 Io
a0 
2  I o dt  3
 / 3

 /3
1 Io
   /3
 / 3
an  I o * cos n t dwt  sin n t  / 3
n
Io
 * 3 for n  1,2,7,8,13,14,....
n
Io
 * 3 for n  4,5,10,11,16,17
n
 0 for all treplean harmonics
IO 3I O  1 1 1 1 1 
I s (t )    sin t  sin 2t  sin 4t  sin 5t  sin 7t  sin 8t  ... 
3   2 4 5 7 8 
2
 
2  
I  I / 3 2 * 2
THD( I s (t ))   S  1   o  1   1  1.0924  109.24%
 I S1   3I O 
9
  2 
 
 Example 8 Solve example 7 if the load current is 100 A pure DC
3 3 Vm I dc  100 A
Vdc   0.827 Vm  310.613V
2
Vrms  0.8407 Vm  315.759 V I rms  100 A

Pdc Vdc I dc 310.613 * 100

    98.37 %
Pac Vrms I rms 315.759 *100

Vrms
FF   101.657 %
Vdc
2 2 2
Vac Vrms  Vdc Vrms 2
RF    2
 1  FF  1  18.28 %
Vdc Vdc Vdc

=The PIV 3 Vm=650.54V

Three-Phase Full Wave Rectifier With Resistive Load
 2 / 3
3 3 3 Vm 3 2 VLL
Vdc 
  3 Vm sin t dt 



 1.654Vm  1.3505VLL
 /3

3 3 Vm 1.654Vm 3 2 VLL 1.3505VLL

I dc    
 R R R R
2 / 3

   2 dt 
3 3 9* 3
Vrms  3 Vm sin t  Vm  1.6554 Vm  1.3516VLL
 2 4
 /3
1.6554 Vm
I rms 
R
1.6554 Vm Vm
Ir   0.9667
R 3 R
Vm
I S  0.9667 2
R
 Example 10 The rectifier shown in Fig.2.30 is operated from
460 V 50 Hz supply and the load resistance is R=20ohms. If
the source inductance is negligible, determine (a) The
efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d) Peak inverse
voltage (PIV) of each diode .
3 3 Vm
Vdc   1.654Vm  621.226 V

3 3 Vm 1.654Vm
I dc    31.0613 A
 R R
3 9* 3
Vrms   Vm  1.6554 Vm  621.752 V
2 4
1.6554 Vm
I rms   31.0876 A
R
Pdc Vdc I dc
   99.83 %
Pac Vrms I rms
 Vrms
FF   100.08 %
Vdc
2 2 2
Vac Vrms  Vdc Vrms 2
RF    2
 1  FF 1  4 %
Vdc Vdc Vdc

=The PIV 3 Vm=650.54V

Three-Phase Full Wave Rectifier With DC Load Current
 2 3I o  1 1 1 1 
I s (t )   sin t  sin 5vt  sin 7t  sin 11t  sin 13t 
  5 7 11 13 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1  1   1   1   1   1   1 
THD( I s (t ))                          31%
 5   7   11   13   17   19   23   25 
2 2* 3
IS  I o I S1  Io
3 
2
 IS  2/3
THD ( I s (t ))     1 
2
 1  31.01%
 I S1  2*3/
I S1 I S1
Power Factor = * cos(0) 
IS IS
 1 
2 LS I o  6 LI o
u  cos 1   Vrd   6 fLI o
 VLL  2
Vdc actual  Vdc without sourceinduc tan ce  Vrd  1.35VLL  6 fLI o

2 I o2  u  I S1 
2 6 Io  u 
sin  
IS   3  6  u
 2

2 6 Io  u 
sin  
I S1 u u  2 u 3 * sin  u 
pf  cos    cos   
IS 2 2 I o2   u  2  u 
   u    
  3 6  3 6
Example 11 Three phase diode bridge rectifier connected to tree
phase 33kV, 50 Hz supply has 8 mH source inductance to feed
300A pure DC load current Find;
Commutation time and commutation angle.
DC output voltage.
Power factor.
Total harmonic distortion of line current.

1 2 LS I o  u  0.2549 rad .  14.61 o

u  cos 1  
 VLL 
Vdc actual
 Vdc without sourceinduc tan ce
 Vrd  1.35VLL  6 fLI d
Vdcactual 1.35 * 33000  6 * 50 * .008 * 300  43830V
3 * sin  u  3 sin  0.2549 
pf    0.9644
 u    0.2549 
u    0.2549 *   
 3 6 3 6 
 2 I d2  u  2 * 300 2   0.2549 
Is   3  6   *    239.929 A
  3 6 

4 3 Io u 4 3 * 300  0.2549 

I S1  sin  * 2 3  * sin    233.28 A
u 2 2  * 0.2549 * 2  2 
I S1  u  233.28  0.2549 
pf  * cos   * cos   0.9644
Is  2  239.929  2 
2 2
 IS   239.929 

THDi   
 1     1  24.05%
 I S1   233.28 