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Tcp/Ip Protocol Suite

The document describes the four layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite - the host-to-network layer, internet layer, transport layer, and application layer. It provides details on the functions and protocols of each layer, with the host-to-network layer defining physical transmission, the internet layer defining logical transmission with IP, ICMP, ARP, and RARP, the transport layer providing error-free delivery with TCP and UDP, and the application layer including protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP that interface with users.

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91 views17 pages

Tcp/Ip Protocol Suite

The document describes the four layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite - the host-to-network layer, internet layer, transport layer, and application layer. It provides details on the functions and protocols of each layer, with the host-to-network layer defining physical transmission, the internet layer defining logical transmission with IP, ICMP, ARP, and RARP, the transport layer providing error-free delivery with TCP and UDP, and the application layer including protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP that interface with users.

Uploaded by

madhavi gulhane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

Host-to- Network Layer −

 It is the lowest layer that is concerned with the physical transmission of data.

 TCP/IP does not specifically define any protocol here but supports all the
standard protocols.

Internet Layer −

 It defines the protocols for logical transmission of data over the network.

 The main protocol in this layer is Internet Protocol (IP) and

 it is supported by the protocols ICMP, IGMP, RARP, and ARP.


 Transport Layer − 

 It is responsible for error-free end-to-end delivery of data.

 The protocols defined here are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)


and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

 Application Layer −

  This is the topmost layer and defines the interface of host programs
with the transport layer services.

 This layer includes all high-level protocols like Telnet, DNS, HTTP,
FTP, SMTP, etc.
 

HOST NETWORK LAYER

The functions of this layer are −

 It defines how bits are to be encoded into optical or electrical pulses.

 It accepts IP packets from the network layer and encapsulates them into frames.

 It synchronizes the transmission of the frames as well as the bits making up the
frames, between the sender and the receiver.

 It states the transmission mode, i.e. simplex, half duplex or full duplex

 It states the topology of the network, i.e. bus, star, ring etc.

 The protocols that this layer supports are −


Ethernet, Frame Relay, Token Ring , ATM
 INTERNET LAYER
 The Internet layer is responsible for logical transmission of data packets over
the internet.

 It can be compared to the network layer of the OSI model.

 The main functions of the internet layer are −

 It transmits data packets to the link layer.

 It routes each of the data packets independently from the source to the
destination, using the optimal route.

 It reassembles the out-of-order packets when they reach the destination.

 It handles the error in transmission of data packets and fragmentation of data


packets.
 The protocols used in this layer are −

 1) Internet Protocol, IP − 

 It is a connectionless and unreliable protocol that provides a best


effort delivery service.

 It transports data packets called datagrams that travel over different


routes across multiple nodes.

 2) Address Resolution Protocol, ARP −

 This protocol maps the logical address or the Internet address of a


host to its physical address, as printed in the network interface card.
 3) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, RARP −
  This is to find the Internet address of a host when its physical
address is known.

 4) Internet Control Message Protocol, ICMP − 


It monitors sending the queries as well as the error messages.

 5) Internet Group Message Protocol, IGMP −


It allows the transmission of a message to a group of recipients
simultaneously.
TRANSPORT LAYER
 The transport layer is responsible for error-free, end-to-end delivery
of data from the source host to the destination host.

 It corresponds to the transport layer of the OSI model.

 The functions of the transport layer are −

 It facilitates the communicating hosts to carry on a conversation.

 It provides an interface for the users to the underlying network.

 It can provide for a reliable connection. It can also carry out error
checking, flow control, and verification.
 1) Transmission Control Protocol, TCP − 

 It is a reliable connection-oriented protocol that transmits data from the


source to the destination machine without any error.

 A connection is established between the peer entities prior to


transmission.

 At the sending host, TCP divides an incoming byte stream into


segments and assigns a separate sequence number to each segment.

 At the receiving host, TCP reorders the segments and sends an


acknowledgment to the sender for correct receipt of segments.

 TCP also manages flow control so that a fast sender does not
overwhelm a slow receiver.
 2 ) User Datagram Protocol, UDP − 

 It is a message-oriented protocol that provides a simple unreliable,


connectionless, unacknowledged service.

 It is suitable for applications that do not require TCP’s sequencing,


error control or flow control.

 It is used for transmitting a small amount of data where the speed of


delivery is more important than the accuracy of delivery.
 3) Stream Control Transmission Protocol, SCTP −
  It combines the features of both TCP and UDP.

 It is message oriented like the UDP, which providing the


reliable, connection-oriented service like TCP.

 It is used for telephony over the Internet.


  Application Layer

 The application layer is the highest abstraction layer of the TCP/IP model that
provides the interfaces and protocols needed by the users.

 It combines the functionalities of the session layer, the presentation layer and
the application layer of the OSI model.

 ------ The functions of the application layer are −

 It facilitates the user to use the services of the network.


 It is used to develop network-based applications.

 It provides user services like user login, naming network devices, formatting
messages, and e-mails, transfer of files etc.

 It is also concerned with error handling and recovery of the message as a whole.
1) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, HTTP − 
 It is the underlying protocol for world wide web.

 It defines how hypermedia messages are formatted and


transmitted.

2) File Transfer Protocol, FTP − 


 It is a client-server based protocol for transfer of files between
client and server over the network.

3) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, SMTP − 


 It lays down the rules and semantics for sending and receiving
electronic mails (e-mails).
4) Domain Name System, DNS − 
 It is a naming system for devices in networks.

 It provides services for translating domain names to IP addresses.

5) TELNET − 
 It provides bi-directional text-oriented services for remote login
to the hosts over the network.

6) Simple Network Management Protocol, SNMP


 It is for managing, monitoring the network and for organizing
information about the networked devices.

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