Phonology and Morphology By:-Gebreiyesus Mekt

Postgraduate studies in Linguistics and communication
(Linguistics and Multilingualism department)

MA in regular program(2021/22)
R
R
Phonology and morphology
By:- Gebreiyesus Mekt

What does co articulation means?
NB:
Before to talk about co articulation we must first talk about
ranking of consonant strictures. Ranking is from most closed
and constricted to most open and least constricted.(stricture is
how much air flow is restricted.)
Stop> trill> fricative> approximant> vowel.
Cont…
 co articulation is the idea that each speech sound is affected by
every other speech around it and each sound slightly changing
according to its environment.
 This implies that sounds take on qualities of other sound that
precedes or follow them – our articulatories either anticipate the
next sound or carry over qualities from the prior sounds. We can
not speak a single sounds.
 For example, words that have the vowel ‘a’ and a nasal
consonant /n/ or /m/, can ,man ,ham .[kæn] [mæn] [hæm],On
account of this, the vowel ‘a’ takes a nasal quality which is
completely changing.
[ten]= [tɛnӨ]
What does double articulation means in Phonology and
Phonetics?
 In double articulation there are two similtanues articulation
of the same rank, that is to say, of the same degree of
stricture
Hence, stop – stop, fricative – fricative or approximant-
approximant
 Some examples of double articulations are:-[kp], [dg],[gb],
[pt],[gk],[bd] [sk],[sh],[w]
Cont…
 Double articulation – two primary places of articulation.

 One doubly articulates two consonants simultaneously with
two primary place of articulation. Those consonants are also
articulated with the same manner of articulaton.
Eg. /st/ stop
 Igbo- /gb/
 /akpa/- bridge
 /agba/-jaw
 /aŋmaa/ -painted body mark.
 /anget/ aŋət shirt knowledge
who ‘ w’ is the only segment in the double articulation.
Why do languages use a double articulation?
Language can use double articulation to increase the
range of consonantal contrasts.
Example , [w] – voiced labial –velar approximant.

Here is two points of articulation within one
consonant.
The segment ‘w’ is the counter part of ‘u’

Secondary articulation
Secondary articulation is an imposition of one
sound ,of one rank, imposed on another. The primary
stricture usually has more stricture and secondary has
less.
Secondary articulation is usually an approximant.
A secondary articulation is an additional articulation
process that affects vowel or consonant production.
Eg. sˁarf( Arabic) -meaning Exchange
If a sound is produced with two places of articulation, the
secondary articulation is the point of articulation with the
lesser degree of stricture.
Cont…
There are different major types of secondary co
articulation. All are transcribed with diacritics. These
are:-
 labialization
 palatalization,
 velarization,
 pharangealization ,
 and nasalization.
Labialization
 Labialization (ᵂ) is the production of a sound with the lips
rounded. Vowels, semivowels, and some consonants may be
rounded.
 In Amharic –[ kᵂas]- ball –[ hᵂala]- after –[ tᵂ'af]-wax taper
[dᵂur] bush [tᵂom] ‘fasting’ and [k’ᵂulf] ‘key’
 In igbo- [akᵂa] –bed –[agᵂa]- behavior-[ŋᵂʊ]- die
 In swidish- [atᵂə]- man –[pᵂapə]- whirlwind
 In western Gurage-[ tidiirgᵂn] =---- hit it.
[tikatfᵂn] =---- chop it.
Ezha- [qᵂannasa]- break off piece
 in Arabic - /skᵂat/ - silence -[k’ ᵂns’i] flea in Tigregna
language
Palatalization
Palatalization – hold tongue at [j] while producing primary

articulation.
Is a phonological process in which consonants receive a second
palatal expression. or change their primary position toward or
approaching the palatal region( soft palat)
Eg. In Russian –[pʲotr] –peter
In English- Leaf-[lʲí:f]
In Amharic- [dʲegg]-fine=[zʲema]- melody
-[dʲæfa]-problem
In Irish –[fʲi]- weaving , [nʲih]- wash= [tʲi]- about to
Velarization
It holds tongue at velar approximant[ɜ] while
producing
The velar sounds
Eg. In English – feel-[fijlᵞ] hell-[ hԐɫ]
In Arabic- [dᵞaʔɪm]- hurting =[sᵞajf]- summer
In Irish – [bᵞi] yellow
Pharangealization
Pushing back of tongues as down ward and backwards
as possible , as if swallowing while producing primary
articulation.
Eg . Fresh-[tæˁzi]= in Armenia
[hisˁair]- enclosure =Arabic
oops /ˁ/ - /mud/-[tˁi:n]= Arabic
Lo’o [loˁo] = in wolaytigna
[bələˁə] –eat in Tigregna

Nasalization
Generally co articulation with vowel made by sending
air through nasal cavity while producing primary
articulation.(˜)
 eg. Mum can
[maňana] = in spanish
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Postgraduate studies in Linguistics and communication

(Linguistics and Multilingualism department)

Phonology and morphology

By:- Gebreiyesus Mekt

 Double articulation – two primary places of articulation.

Example , [w] – voiced labial –velar approximant.

The segment ‘w’ is the counter part of ‘u’

Palatalization – hold tongue at [j] while producing primary

[bələˁə] –eat in Tigregna

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