Chapter 2

 Process Models
Slide Set to accompany
Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
by Roger S. Pressman

Slides copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009 by Roger S. Pressman

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with Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach, 7/e. Any other reproduction or use is
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These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 1
A Generic Process Model

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(McGraw-Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 2
Process Flow

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Identifying a Task Set
 A task set defines the actual work to be done to
accomplish the objectives of a software
engineering action.
 A list of the task to be accomplished
 A list of the work products to be produced
 A list of the quality assurance filters to be applied

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Process Patterns
 A process pattern
 describes a process-related problem that is
encountered during software engineering work,
 identifies the environment in which the problem has
been encountered, and
 suggests one or more proven solutions to the
problem.
 Stated in more general terms, a process pattern
provides you with a template [Amb98]—a
consistent method for describing problem
solutions within the context of the software
process.

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Process Pattern Types
 Stage patterns—defines a problem associated
with a framework activity for the process.
 Task patterns—defines a problem associated
with a software engineering action or work
task and relevant to successful software
engineering practice
 Phase patterns—define the sequence of
framework activities that occur with the
process, even when the overall flow of
activities is iterative in nature.

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Process Assessment and Improvement
 Standard CMMI Assessment Method for Process Improvement
(SCAMPI) — provides a five step process assessment model that incorporates
five phases: initiating, diagnosing, establishing, acting and learning.
 CMM-Based Appraisal for Internal Process Improvement (CBA IPI)
—provides a diagnostic technique for assessing the relative maturity of
a software organization; uses the SEI CMM as the basis for the
assessment [Dun01]
 SPICE—The SPICE (ISO/IEC15504) standard defines a set of
requirements for software process assessment. The intent of the
standard is to assist organizations in developing an objective
evaluation of the efficacy of any defined software process. [ISO08]
 ISO 9001:2000 for Software—a generic standard that applies to any
organization that wants to improve the overall quality of the products,
systems, or services that it provides. Therefore, the standard is directly
applicable to software organizations and companies. [Ant06]

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(McGraw-Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 7
 Prescriptive Models
 Prescriptive process models advocate an orderly
approach to software engineering
That leads to a few questions …
 If prescriptive process models strive for structure and
order, are they inappropriate for a software world that
thrives on change?
 Yet, if we reject traditional process models (and the
order they imply) and replace them with something less
structured, do we make it impossible to achieve
coordination and coherence in software work?

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The Waterfall Model

Co m m unic a t io n
p ro je c t init ia t io n Planning
re q uire m e n t g a t he rin g estimating Mo d e ling
scheduling
ana lys is Co ns t ru c t io n
tracking
des ign De plo y m e nt
c ode
t es t de liv e ry
s u p po rt
f e e dba c k

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The V-Model

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The Incremental Model

incre me nt # n
Co m m u n ic a t i o n
Pla n n in g

Mo d e lin g
a n a ly s is Co n s t ru c t i o n
d e s ig n
code De p l o y m e n t
t est d e l i v e ry
fe e db a c k

d e liv e ry o f
incre me nt # 2 n t h in cre me n t

Co m m u n ic a t i o n
Pla n n in g

Mo d e lin g
a n a ly s is Co n s t ru c t i o n
d e s ig n code De p l o y m e n t
t est d e l i v e ry
fe e d b a c k
d e liv e ry o f
incre m e nt # 1 2 n d in cre me n t

Co m m u n i c a t io n
Pla n nin g
Mo d e ling
a n a ly s is C o n s t ru c t i o n
d e s ig n c od e
d e liv e ry o f
De p lo y m e n t
t es t d e l i v e ry
fe e d b a c k

1 st in cre me n t

project calendar t ime

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Evolutionary Models: Prototyping

Quick
Q u i c k p la n

Co m m u n ic a t io n plan
communication
Mo d e l in g
Modeling
Qu ic k d e s ig n
Quick design

De p lo ym e n t
Deployment Construction
De liv e ry
delivery
& Fe e d b & ac k
of Co
prototype
n s t ru c t io n
feedback Construction
of
of
p roprototype
t o t ype

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Evolutionary Models: The Spiral
planning
estimation
scheduling
risk analysis

communication

modeling
analysis
design
start

deployment
construction
delivery code
feedback test

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Evolutionary Models: Concurrent
no ne

Mod e ling a c t ivit y

rep res ent s t he s t at e

Und e r o f a s o ft ware eng ine ering
act ivit y o r t a s k
de ve lo pm e nt

Awa it ing
c ha n ge s

Unde r re v ie w

Unde r
re vis ion

Ba s e line d

Don e

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Still Other Process Models
 Component based development—the process to
apply when reuse is a development objective
 Formal methods—emphasizes the mathematical
specification of requirements
 AOSD—provides a process and methodological
approach for defining, specifying, designing, and
constructing aspects
 Unified Process—a “use-case driven, architecture-
centric, iterative and incremental” software process
closely aligned with the Unified Modeling Language
(UML)
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The Unified Process (UP)
Ela b o ra t io n
elaboration

Inc e p t io n
inception

c o ns t ruc t io n
Releas e
t ra ns it io n
s oft ware increm e nt

p ro d uc t io n

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(McGraw-Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 16
 UP Phases
Ince ption Elaboration Construct ion Transit ion Production

UP Phases
Workflows

Requirements

Analysis

Design

Implementation

Test

Support

Iterations #1 #2 #n-1 #n

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(McGraw-Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 17
 UP Work Products
Ince pt ion phase

Elaborat ion phase

Vis io n d o cu me n t
In it ial u se -case mo d e l
In it ial p ro je ct g lo ssary
Const ruct ion phase
Us e -case mo d e l
In it ial b u sin e ss cas e Su p p le me n t ary re q u ire me n t s
In it ial risk as se ssme n t . in clu d in g n o n -fu n ct io n al De sig n mo d e l
Transit ion phase
Pro je ct p lan , An aly sis mo d e l So ft ware co mp o n e n t s
p h ase s an d it e rat io n s . So ft ware arch it e ct u re In t e g rat e d so ft ware De liv e re d s o ft ware in cre me n t
Bu sin e s s mo d e l, De scrip t io n . in cre me n t Be t a t e s t re p o rt s
if n e ce s sary . Exe cu t ab le arch it e ct u ral Ge n e ral u se r fe e d b ack
Te s t p lan an d p ro ce d u re
On e o r mo re p ro t o t y p e s p ro t o t y p e .
In c e p t i o Te s t case s
n Pre limin ary d e sig n mo d e l Su p p o rt d o cu me n t at io n
Re v ise d risk list u se r man u als
Pro je ct p lan in clu d in g in st allat io n man u als
it e rat io n p lan d e scrip t io n o f cu rre n t
ad ap t e d wo rkflo ws in cre me n t
mile st o n e s
t e ch n ical wo rk p ro d u ct s
Pre limin ary u se r man u al

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
(McGraw-Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 18