Scribd
Upload
271 views10 pages

Cargo Measurement and Calculation

Cargo tanks on oil tankers are filled to a maximum of 98% volume to avoid becoming liquid-full during voyages due to temperature changes. Ullage measurements and calibration tables are used to determine cargo volume onboard, but mass is more important for calculations like stability. Mass is calculated by converting cargo volume to standard volume at 15°C using ASTM tables, then multiplying by cargo density to get weight in vacuo. Weight in air is obtained by applying a correction factor from another ASTM table. API gravity provides an alternate scale relating density to mass/volume. ASTM-IP Petroleum Measurement Tables standardize calculations worldwide regardless of origin or destination. Cargo calculations use gross observed and standard volumes, densities,

Uploaded by

Rohit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
271 views10 pages

Cargo Measurement and Calculation

Cargo tanks on oil tankers are filled to a maximum of 98% volume to avoid becoming liquid-full during voyages due to temperature changes. Ullage measurements and calibration tables are used to determine cargo volume onboard, but mass is more important for calculations like stability. Mass is calculated by converting cargo volume to standard volume at 15°C using ASTM tables, then multiplying by cargo density to get weight in vacuo. Weight in air is obtained by applying a correction factor from another ASTM table. API gravity provides an alternate scale relating density to mass/volume. ASTM-IP Petroleum Measurement Tables standardize calculations worldwide regardless of origin or destination. Cargo calculations use gross observed and standard volumes, densities,

Uploaded by

Rohit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

CARGO MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION

• Cargo tanks should be so loaded as to avoid the tank becoming


liquid-full during the voyage, having due regard to the highest
temperature that the cargo may reach. Hence, for safety and
environmental considerations, cargo oil tanks are filled to a
maximum of 98% by volume.

• Ullage, in combination with the calibration tables, enables us to


determine the volume of oil on board. Important though this
information may be, it is only one step towards calculating the
mass of the cargo, a factor usually of more importance to the oil
tanker. Calculations of deadweight, freeboard, draft, trim,
1
stability and stress need information on mass rather than volume.
It is therefore essential that volume be converted to mass.
The relationship between the volume and the mass can be
expressed by the density at 15º C (vacuo).
Mass = Volume x Density
Mass is weight in vacuo.
The density represents the mass per volume unit at 15 C,
expressed in kilograms per litre.
• If a certain volume is observed in a cargo tank with a measured
temperature, called the Gross Observed Volume (G.O.V.), this
volume is corrected to a volume at 15º C with the aid of the
appropriate ASTM table (Table 54). The resulting Gross Standard
Volume (G.S.V.) is expressed in litres. 2
The mass or weight in vacuo is calculated by multiplying the
G.S.V. with the given density at 15º C (vacuo).
Using the ASTM Table 56 the weight in vacuo can be corrected
to weight in air as a function of the given density.
• The American Oil Industry uses another scale of mass/volume
ratio. This is known as the API scale, which is an arbitrary scale
derived from the formula.
API Gravity = ____141.5____ - 131.5
R.D. at 60º F

• Note that API goes up as the R.D. comes down.

3
Petroleum Measurement Tables
• ASTM- IP Petroleum Measurement Tables is the result of close and
successful co-operation between the American Society for Testing
Materials (ASTM) and the Institute of Petroleum (IP), U.K.
• As a result of this active co-operation, a world-wide, uniform and
authoritative publication has been developed to serve as a basis for
standardized calculations of measured quantities of petroleum
regardless of point of origin or destination.
• ASTM – IP Petroleum Measurement Tables are in three parts, as
follows:
A: Generalized Crude Oils
B: Generalized Products
C: For Individual and Special Applications. 4
Cargo Calculation Sheet
• An example of a Cargo Calculation Sheet, together with
explanatory notes is given in Figure 1.
• An extract from ASTM Table 54A and 54B, Volume
Correction Factor to 15º C is given in Figures 2 and 3.
• An extract from ASTM Table 56, Factor for Converting Weight
in Vacuo (Mass) to Weight in Air is given in Figure 4.
When a weight in kilograms is calculated by the multiplication
of density (15 ºC) and volume in litres at 15 ºC, the result is a
weight in vacuo (mass). Such weight, for comparison with
direct weighing, must be corrected for the buoyancy of air.
5
6
Fig. 1A 7
Fig.2 : Volume Correction Factor (Crude Oils) 8
Fig.3 : Volume Correction Factor (Petroleum Products) 9
Fig.4 : Factor for Conversion from Weight in Vacuo to Air
10

You might also like