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Standard namespace:

Recall from lecture that after you tell the preprocessor to use
functions from the standard input/output library (#include
<iostream>), you need to tell the compiler that the functions you’ll
be using are defined in the “standard namespace” (a language
feature we won’t go into in detail), which you do with “using
namespace std;”. Another way to access the functions in the
standard namespace is to prefix each one with the name of the
namespace. For instance, you can skip the using statement if you
write std::cout and std::cin every time you want to print or input
text.

Problem 1
Look at the following program and try to guess what it does
without running it.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{ int x = 5;
int y = 7;
std::cout << "\n";
std::cout << x + y << " " << x * y;
std::cout << "\n";
return 0;
}

Problem 2

Put the following program in a file called buggy.cpp and compile

it. (“.cpp” is the standard suffix for C++ code files.) What errors
do you receive? How would you fix them? (You may need to
correct and recompile several times before all the problems are
fixed.)

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
cout < "Hello World\n;
return 0
}

Problem 3
Write a program that writes “I love C++” to the screen.

char * data type:

One data type that we discussed only implicitly in lecture is
strings. Strings are just sequences of characters, which are denoted
by quotation marks – e.g. "Hello world!" is a string, as are "\n",
"The Noble Duke of York", and so on. (Note that strings use
double quotes, whereas lone characters, such as '\n', use single
quotes.) The official C++ name

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for this data type – i.e. the equivalent for strings of int, double, etc.
– is char *. You do not need to know how this syntax works; all you
need to know is that when you want to declare a variable to store a
string, you type something like: char *loveCpp = "I love C++!";.
(The * is usually placed directly before the variable name, but the
name of this variable is just loveCpp.) The escape codes we talked
about in lecture are all for encoding special characters as chars or
within char *’s.

Problem 4

What would be the correct variable type in which to store the

following information?
a. Your age
b. The area of your backyard
c. The number of stars in the galaxy
d. The average rainfall for the month of January
e. Your name
f. A status value corresponding to failure or success

Problem 5

Suggest a good variable name for each piece of information you

described in Problem 4, and provide a sample
declaration/assignment statement for the variable.

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Expressions:
An expression in C++ is any series of tokens that, when it is
evaluated and all commands contained within it are run, is
equivalent to a value. For instance, a + b is an expression, as are
35902 and "Hello world!". An expression is said to “evaluate to” its
value. This is in contrast to a statement, such as x = a + b;, which
gives an instruction to the processor. We will see other examples of
statements, such as conditional statements and loops, in the next
lecture. (Even x = a + b, an assignment statement, can be treated as
an expression, whose value is whatever x is equal to after the
assignment is completed, but this is not commonly used.)
Expressions that you type directly into your code – integers, decimal
numbers, true, false, etc. – are constants. 35 and "This is a string"
are constants, but 24 / 3 and myVariable are not, since they are
calculated at run-time.
There are two different types of expressions: L-values and R-values.
An L-value appears on the left side of an assignment statement (“L”
for “left”); it is the thing that is assigned to. An Rvalue is the
expression whose value is evaluated, and possibly assigned to an L-
value. An identifier – a name that you gave to something, such the
name of a variable – can be used as an expression in either of these
ways. For example, in the statement x = y + 5;, x and y are both
identifiers; x is an L-value; and y, 5, and y + 5 are all R-values.

The compiler will often convert numbers between types

automatically for you to make your expressions work. For example,
if you write 3 + x where x is a double, the compiler converts the 3 to
a double for you.

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Problem 6

State whether each of the following is an expression or a statement.

If it is an expression, state its data type, what type of expression it
is (if it is a constant or an identifier), and the value it evaluates to.
(Decimal numbers are doubles by default. You need not consider
assignment statements to be expressions.)

a) 23.5
b) double a = 23.5;
c) 24 * 3.2
d) 24 / 32
e) 24 / 32.0
f) return 0;
g) x // Assume the line before says int x = 4;
h) 'x‘

Problem 7

Write a program that prompts the user to enter two integer

values and a float value, and then prints out the three numbers
that are entered with a suitable message.

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Problem 8

Write a program to evaluate the fuel consumption of a car. Have the

user input the miles
on the car’s odometer at the start and end of the journey, and also
the fuel level in the tank
(in gallons) at the start and end of the journey. Calculate fuel used,
miles travelled, and the
overall fuel consumption in miles travelled per gallon of fuel. Print
these values,
accompanied by appropriate messages indicating what they are.

Named constants:
We talked in lecture about naming conventions for constants: a
name
in all-caps usually indicates a constant. C++ allows you to instruct
the compiler to insist that a variable stay constant throughout the
program. You can do this by putting the keyword const before the
variable declaration. For example, const double PI = 3.14159;
declares a variable named PI that can never be changed after its
initial assignment to 3.14159. To attempt to change the value of
such a variable – a named constant – is a syntax error. Effectively,
we’ve simply defined another name for the constant value 3.14159,
which of course we aren’t allowed to change.

Operator shorthands:

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C++ provides a number of shortcuts for simple arithmetic
expressions. Often you’ll want to modify the value of a variable by
doing something to its current value – adding 1, multiplying by 42,
etc. We could express this as something like x = x + 2;. Because
this is

such a common need, though, C++ allows us to simply write x +=

2;. The same syntax works for other mathematical operators: -=,
*=, /=, %= are all valid operators.

There is an even shorter shortcut for saying x += 1;: We can use the
pre-increment operator (syntax: ++variable) to add 1 to a variable
before evaluating it, and the post-increment operator (syntax:
variable++) to add 1 after evaluating it. For instance, if y is set to 3,
x = y++; will set x to 3 and y to 4, while x = ++y; will first set y to
4, then x to 4, as well.

Problem 9

Write a program that sets the constant integer

NUMBER_OF_VARIABLES to 2 and the integer variable x to 100.
The program should then increment x, set it to the remainder of its
current value divided by NUMBER_OF_VARIABLES, and add 2
to it. Use the operator shorthands as much as you can.

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 SOLUTIONS SET

Problem 1

OUTPUT:

12 35

Problem 2

Errors in code: missing second < after cout; missing final quote
after \n, missing semicolon after return statement. Corrected code:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout << "Hello World\n";
return 0;
}

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Problem 3

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{

cout << "I love C++";

return 0;
}

Problem 4

a) (short) integer
b) double or float
c) (long) integer
d) double or float
e) char * (NOT char – char is only a single character; only a char
* can store a whole string)
f) boolean (bool)

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Problem 5

a) int myAge = 18;

b) double yardArea = 20.5;
c) long numOfStars = 100000000;
d) double avgRain = 15.3;
e) char *myName = "Tanmay";
f) bool success = false;

Problem 6

a. expression, double, constant

b. statement
c. expression, double, neither, 76.8
d. expression, double, neither, 0
e. expression, double, neither, 0.75
f. statement
g. expression, int (or long int), identifier, 4
h. expression , char, constant

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Problem 7

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int a, b;
float c;
cout << "Enter an integer:";
cin >> a;

cout << "Enter another integer:";

cin >> b;

cout << "Enter a number with decimal:";

cin >> c;
cout << "You entered " << a << ", " << b << ", and " << c;

return 0;
}
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Problem 8

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int initialMiles, finalMiles, milesTraveled;

float initialTank, finalTank, fuelUsed, fuelConsumed;

cout << "Enter the miles on your car's odometer at the start of your
journey \n";
cin >> initialMiles;

cout << "Enter the fuel level in your tank at the start of your
journey \n";
cin >> initialTank;

cout << "Enter the miles on your car's odometer at the end of your
journey \n";
cin >> finalMiles;

cout << "Enter the fuel level in your tank at the end of your journey
\n";
cin >> finalTank;

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milesTraveled = finalMiles - initialMiles;
fuelUsed = initialTank - finalTank;
double milesPerGal = milesTraveled / fuelUsed;

cout << "You traveled " << milesTraveled << " miles using “
<< fuelUsed << " gallons of fuel \n";

cout << "Your fuel consumption was " << milesPerGal << "
miles per gallon \n";

return 0;
}

Problem 9

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
const int NUMBER_OF_VARIABLES = 2;
int x = 100;

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++x %= NUMBER_OF_VARIABLES;
x += 2;

cout << x;

return 0;
}

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