Web Development & Design

Foundations with XHTML

Chapter 1
Key Concepts

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 Learning Outcomes
In this chapter, you will learn about:
◦ The evolution of the Internet, Internet standards
organizations, and the difference between the
Internet, intranets, and extranets.
◦ The beginning of the World Wide Web, ethical
use of information on the Web, Web
Accessibility, and future Internet trends.
◦ The Client/Server Model, Internet Protocols,
Networks, URLs and Domain Names, and
Markup Languages.

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 The Evolution of the Internet
Internet
◦ Interconnected network of computer networks
◦ ARPAnet
 Advanced Research Project Agency
 1969 – four computers connected
◦ NSFnet
 National Science Foundation

◦ Use of the Internet was originally limited to

government, research and academic use

◦ 1991 Commercial ban lifted

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 Intranet & Extranets
Intranet
◦ A private network contained within an organization or
business used to share information and resources
among coworkers.

Extranet
◦ A private network that securely shares part of an
organization’s information or operations with external
partners

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 Growth of the Internet
Hobbes Internet Timeline
◦ http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/

Year Host Computers

1969 4
1989 100,000
1992 1,000,000
1995 8,000,000
2001 109,000,000
2002 147,000,000
2003 171,600,000
2006 439,000,000
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 Reasons for
Internet Growth in the 1990s
Removal of the ban on commercial activity

Development of the World Wide Web by Tim

Berners-Lee at CERN

Development of Mosaic, the first graphics-

based web browser at NCSA

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 The World Wide Web
The graphical user interface to
information stored on some of the
computers connected to the Internet.

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Internet Standards & Coordination
The Internet Society
◦ A professional organization that provides
leadership in addressing issues related to the
future of the Internet

◦ IETF-- Internet Engineering Task Force

 RFC – Requests for Comments

◦ IAB – Internet Architecture Board

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Internet Standards & Coordination
ICANN - The Internet Corporation for
Assigned Numbers & Names
◦ Non-profit organization
◦ Main function is to coordinate the
assignment of:
 Internet domain names
 IP address numbers
 Protocol parameters
 Protocol port numbers.

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 Web Standards
and the W3C Consortium
W3C – World Wide Web Consortium
◦ Develops recommendations and prototype
technologies related to the Web

◦ Produces specifications, called

Recommendations, in an effort to
standardize web technologies

◦ WAI – Web Accessibility Initiative

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 Web Accessibility
WAI – Web Accessibility Initiative
◦ Develops recommendations for
 web content developers,
 web authoring tool developers,
 developers of web browsers, and
 developers of other user agents to facilitate use
of the web by those with special needs.

◦ WCAG
 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/quic
kref/
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 Web Accessibility
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act
◦ requires that government agencies must
give individuals with disabilities access to
information technology that is comparable
to the access available to others

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Checkpoint 1.1
1. Describe the difference between the
Internet and an intranet.

2. Explain three events that contributed to

the commercialization and exponential
growth of the Internet.

3. Describe the difference between the

Internet and the Web.

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 Network Overview
 Network -- two or more computers connected together for
the purpose of communicating and sharing resources

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 Networks
LAN -- Local Area Network
◦ Usually confined to a single building or group of
buildings

MAN -- Metropolitan Area Network

◦ Connects computer resources in a local geographical
area

WAN -- Wide Area Network

◦ Usually uses some form of public or commercial
communications network to connect computers is
widely dispersed geographical areas.

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A WAN connecting two LANs

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 Internet Infrastructure
 Internet Backbone
A high capacity communication link that carries data
gathered from smaller links that interconnect with it.

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 The Client/Server Model

Client/Server can describe a relationship

between two computer programs – the
"client" and the "server".
Client
◦ requests some type of service (such as a file or
database access) from the server.
Server
◦ fulfills the request and transmits the results to the
client over a network

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 The Client/Server Model

The Internet Client/Server Model

◦ Client -- Web Browser
◦ Server -- Web Server

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 Web Client
Connected to the Internet when needed
Usually runs web browser (client) software
such as Internet Explorer or Netscape
Uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
Requests web pages from server
Receives web pages and files from server

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 Web Server
Continually connected to the Internet
Runs web server software (such as Apache or
Internet Information Server)
Uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
Receives request for the web page
Responds to request and transmits status code,
web page, and associated files

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 MIME Type
Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extension
◦ a set of rules that allow
multimedia documents
to be exchanged among
many different computer systems

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 Internet Protocols
Protocols
◦ Rules that describe the methods used for
clients and servers to communicate with each
other over a network.

There is no single protocol that makes the

Internet and Web work.

A number of protocols with specific functions

are needed.
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 FTP
File Transfer Protocol
A set of rules that allow files to be exchanged
between computers on the Internet.

Web developers commonly use FTP to transfer

web page files from their computers to web
servers.

FTP is also used to download programs and files

from other servers to individual computers.

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 E-mail Protocols
Sending E-mail
◦ SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Receiving E-mail
◦ POP (POP3) Post Office Protocol
◦ IMAP Internet Mail Access Protocol

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 HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
A set of rules for exchanging files such as text,
graphic images, sound, video, and other
multimedia files on the Web.
HTTP Request

HTTP Response

 Web browsers send HTTP requests for web pages and

their associated files.

 Webservers send HTTP responses back to the web

browsers.

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 TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TCP/IPhas been adopted as the official

communication protocol of the Internet.

TCP and IP have different functions that

work together to ensure reliable
communication over the Internet.

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 TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
 Purpose is to ensure the integrity of communication
 Breaks files and messages into individual units called
packets

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 IP
Internet Protocol
A set of rules that controls how data is sent between
computers on the Internet.
 IP routes a packet to the correct destination address.
 Thepacket gets successively forwarded to the next
closest router (a hardware device designed to move
network traffic) until it reaches its destination.
http://visualroute.visualware.com/
http://www.tracert.com/cgi-bin/trace.pl

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 IP Address
Each device connected to the Internet has a
unique numeric IP address.

These addresses consist of a set of four groups

of numbers, called octets.
74.125.95.104 will get you Google!
An IP address may correspond to a domain
name.

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 Domain Name
Locates an organization or other
entity on the Internet
Domain Name System
◦ Divides the Internet into logical groups
and understandable names
◦ Associates unique computer IP Addresses
with the text-based domain names you
type into a web browser
◦ Browser: http://google.com
◦ IP Address: 74.125.95.104

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 URL
Uniform Resource Locator
URL
Represents the
address of a
resource on the
Internet.

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 TLD
Top-Level Domain Name
A top-level domain (TLD) identifies the
right-most part of the domain name.

Current generic TLDs:

.com, .org, .net, .mil, .gov, .edu, .int,
.aero, .asia, .cat, .jobs, .name, .biz,
.museum, .info, .coop, .pro, .travel

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 County Code
TLDs
Two character codes originally intended to
indicate the geographical location (country) of
the web site.

In practice, it is fairly easy to obtain a domain

name with a country code TLD that is not local
to the registrant.

 Examples:
◦ .tv, .ws, .au, .jp, .uk
◦ See http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm

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 Domain Name System
The Domain Name System (DNS) associates
Domain Names with IP addresses.
Web Domain Name
Browser
IP Address DNS

Use TPC/IP Web

to send HTTP Request Server

Use TCP/IP
to send HTTP Responses
with web page files & images

Web Browser
displays web page 35 35
 Markup Languages

SGML – Standard Generalized Markup

Language
◦ A standard for specifying a markup language
or tag set

HTML – Hypertext Markup Language

◦ The set of markup symbols or codes placed in
a file intended for display on a web browser.

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 Markup Languages (2)
XML – eXtensible Markup Language

◦ A text-based language designed to describe,

deliver, and exchange structured information.

◦ It is not intended to replace HTML –

it is intended to extend the power of HTML by
separating data from presentation.

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 Markup Languages (3)
XHTML – eXtensible Hypertext Markup
Language

◦ Developed by the W3C as the reformulation of

HTML 4.0 as an application of XML.

◦ It combines the formatting strengths of HTML 4.0 and

the data structure and extensibility strengths of XML.

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 Markup Languages (4)
HTML 5

◦ The next version of HTML 4 and XHTML 1

◦ http://www.w3.org/html/

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 Markup Languages (5)
Therelationship between
XHTML, HTML, and XML

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Checkpoint 1.2
 1.Describe the components of the client/server
model as applied to the Internet.

 2.Identify two protocols used on the Internet to

convey information that use the Internet but do
not use the Web.

 3.Explain the similarities and differences between

a URL and a domain name.

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 Future Internet & Web Trends
Continued importance of E-Commerce
Wireless Web access
Need for skilled technical workers
IPV6
Web Services
Blogs
RSS
Wikis
Twitter
Web 2.0
Constant Change!

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 Summary
This chapter provided a brief overview of
Internet, Web, and introductory
networking concepts.

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