LOAD FLOW STUDY

Presented by:
TAHIR MOHD SALEEM
16EEHM029
HIGH VOLTAGE AND INSULATION ENGINEERING

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 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• IMPORTANCE OF LOAD FLOW STUDY
• NEED OF LOAD FLOW STUDY
• BUS CLASSIFICATION
• FORMULATION OF LOAD-FLOW STUDY
• METHOD FOR SOLVING THE LOAD FLOW PROBLEM
• COMPARISON OF LOAD FLOW METHODS
• REFERENCES

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 WHAT IS LOAD FLOW STUDY?
• Load flow studies or Power flow studies is the analysis of a power system in
normal steady state condition.
• Load flow studies basically comprises of the determination of:
 Voltage
 Current
 Active Power
 Reactive Power
• The purpose of power flow studies is to plan ahead and account for
various hypothetical situations. For example, if a transmission line is
be taken off line for maintenance, can the remaining lines in the
system handle the required loads without exceeding their rated
values.
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 IMPORTANCE OF LOAD FLOW
STUDY
• A load flow study is done on power system to ensure that:

1. Bus voltage magnitude remain close to rated value.

2. Generation operates within specified real and reactive power limits.

3. Transmission line and transformer are not overloaded.

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 NEED OF LOAD FLOW STUDY
 Designing a power system.
 Planning a power system.
 Expansion of power system.
 Providing guide lines for optimum operation of power system.
 Providing guide lines for various power system studies

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 BUS CLASSIFICATION
 A bus is a node at which many transmission lines, Loads, Generators are connected.
 It is not necessary that all of them be connected to every bus.
 Bus is indicated by vertical line at which number of components are connected.
 In load flow study two out of four quantities specified and other two quantities are
to be determined by load flow equation.
 Depending upon that bus are classified

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FLOW CHART

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1. Swing bus / slack bus

 Voltage magnitude(V) and voltage phase angle(δ) are specified.

 Real(P) and reactive(Q) power are to be obtained.
 In slack bus voltage angle and magnitude is normally considered 1+j0 p.u
 This bus is first to respond to a changing load condition.

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Need for slack bus:

 The slack bus is needed to account for transmission line losses.

 In a power system the total power generated will be equal to sum of power
consumed by loads and losses.
 In a power system only the generated power and load power are specified for
buses.
 The slack bus is assumed to generate the power required for losses. since the
losses are unknown the real and reactive power are not specified for slack bus.

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2. Load bus (P-Q bus)

 A buss at which the Active power and reactive power are specified.
 Magnitude(V) and phase angle(δ) of the voltage will be calculated.

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3. Generator bus (P-V bus)

 A bus at which the magnitude(V) of the voltage and active power(P) is defined.
 Reactive power(Q) and Phase angle(δ) are to be determined through load flow
equation.
 It is also known as P-V bus.

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Bus Classification table

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 Formulation of load-flow study

 In a power system each node or bus is associated with 4 quantities, such

as
1. Magnitude of voltage (V)
2. Phage angle of voltage (δ)
3. Active power (P)
4. Reactive power (Q)

 In load flow problem two out of these 4 quantities are specified and
remaining 2 are required to be determined through the solution of
equation.
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 POWER FLOW ANALYSIS EQUATION

 The basic equation for power-flow analysis is derived from the nodal
analysis equations for the power system.
For example, for a 4-bus system :

where Yij are the elements of the bus admittance matrix,

Vi are the bus voltages
Ii are the currents injected at each node.

•The node equation at bus i can be written as

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 STATIC METHOD
Relationship between per-unit real and reactive power supplied to the
system at bus i and the per-unit current injected into the system at that bus:

where Vi is the per-unit voltage at the bus;

Ii* - complex conjugate of the per-unit current injected at the bus;
Pi and Qi are per-unit real and reactive powers.

Therefore,

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Method for solving the load flow problem
 The power flow equations are non-linear, thus cannot be solved analytically. A
numerical iterative algorithm is required to solve such equations. A standard
procedure follows:
1. Create a bus admittance matrix Ybus for the power system;
2. Make an initial estimate for the voltages (both magnitude and phase angle) at
each bus in the system;
3. Substitute in the power flow equations and determine the deviations from the
solution.
4. Update the estimated voltages based on some commonly known numerical
algorithms (e.g., Newton-Raphson or Gauss-Seidel).
5. Repeat the above process until the deviations from the solution are minimal.
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 Comparison of load flow methods
PARAMETERS OF GAUSS SIEDEL NEWTON RAPSON FAST
COMPARISION METHOD METHOD DECOUPLED
LOAD FLOW

Coordinate Rectangular Polar Coordinates Polar

Coordinates Coordinates

Arithmetic operation Less in no. to complete Elements of Less than

one iteration jocobian to be Newton
calculated in each Raphson
iteration

Time Less time /iteration, Time Per Iteration Less Time As

increases with the Is 7 Times Of GS Compared To
number of buses. And Increases With NR And GS
number Of Buses Method
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PARAMETERS OF COMPARISION GAUSS SIEDEL NEWTON RAPSON FAST DECOUPLED
METHOD METHOD LOAD FLOW

Convergence Linear Quadratic Geometric

convergence convergence convergence

No of iteration Large no., Very less for large Only 2or5 iteration
increases with system and is for practical
number Of buses practically constant accuracy

Slack bus selection Choice of slack Sensitivity to this Moderate

bus affect minimal
convergence
adversely

Accuracy Less accurate More accurate Moderate

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PARAMETERS OF COMPARISION GAUSS SIEDEL NEWTON RAPSON FAST DECOUPLED
METHOD METHOD LOAD FLOW

Memory Less memory Large memory even Only 60% of

because of with compact memory when
sparsity of matrix storage scheme compared to NR

Usage Small size system Large system, Optimization

optimal load flow studies multiple
studies load flow studies

Programming logic Easy Very difficult Moderate

Reliability Reliable only for Reliable for large More reliable than
small system system NR method

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 CONCLUSION
Load-flow studies are important for planning future expansion of power systems
as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems.
Load flow studies also provide the information about the line and transformer
load through the system
The power flow equations are non-linear, thus cannot be solved analytically. A
numerical iterative algorithm is required to solve such equations.
It is necessary to compare different load flow solving methods and find which is
best method to solve these non-linear equation.

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 REFERENCES
1. Power System Analysis, Hadi saadat, McGraw Hill International editions
2. J.B. Ward and H.W. Ha'le, "Digital computer solution of power flow problems,
"AIEE Trans, (Power App.Syst.), vol.75, pp. 398-404, June 1956
3. J. P. Britton, “Improved load flow performance through a more general equation
form,” IEEE Trans. Pwer App. Syst., vol. PAS-90, pp. 109-116, Jan./Feb. 1971
4. S. T. Despotovic, B. S. Babic, and V. P. Mastilovic, “A rapid and reliable method
for solving load flow problems,” IEEE Trans.Power App.Syst., vol. PAS-90, pp.
123-130, Jan./Feb. 1971

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