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07 - Using Table Expressions

The document discusses different types of table expressions in SQL including views, temporary tables, table variables, table-valued functions, derived tables, and common table expressions. It provides examples of how to create and query each type of table expression and highlights some key differences and uses cases.

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82 views18 pages

07 - Using Table Expressions

The document discusses different types of table expressions in SQL including views, temporary tables, table variables, table-valued functions, derived tables, and common table expressions. It provides examples of how to create and query each type of table expression and highlights some key differences and uses cases.

Uploaded by

montader algaphari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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07 | Using Table Expressions

Graeme Malcolm | Senior Content Developer, Microsoft


Geoff Allix | Principal Technologist, Content Master
Module Overview

• Views
• Temporary Tables
• Table Variables
• Table-Valued Functions
• Derived Tables
• Common Table Expressions
Querying Views

• Views are named queries with definitions stored in a database


– Views can provide abstraction, encapsulation and simplification
– From an administrative perspective, views can provide a security layer
to a database
• Views may be referenced in a SELECT statement just like a table
CREATE VIEW Sales.vSalesOrders
AS
SELECT oh.OrderID, oh.Orderdate, oh.CustomerID,
od.LineItemNo, od.ProductID, od.Quantity
FROM Sales.OrderHeaders AS oh
JOIN Sales.OrderDetails AS od SELECT OrderID, CustomerID, ProductID
ON od.OrderID = oh.OrderID; FROM Sales.vSalesOrder
ORDER BY OrderID;
DEMO
Querying Views
Temporary Tables
CREATE TABLE #tmpProducts
(ProductID INTEGER,
ProductName varchar(50));
GO
…
SELECT * FROM #tmpProducts;

• Temporary tables are used to hold temporary result sets within a


user’s session
– Created in tempdb and deleted automatically
– Created with a # prefix
– Global temporary tables are created with ## prefix
Table Variables
DECLARE @varProducts table
(ProductID INTEGER,
ProductName varchar(50));
…
SELECT * FROM @varProducts

• Introduced because temporary tables can cause recompilations


• Used similarly to temporary tables but scoped to the batch
• Use only on very small datasets
DEMO
Temporary Tables and Table Variables
Table-Valued Functions
CREATE FUNCTION Sales.fn_GetOrderItems (@OrderID AS Integer)
RETURNS TABLE
AS
RETURN
(SELECT ProductID, UnitPrice, Quantity
FROM Sales.OrderDetails
WHERE OrderID = @OrderID);
…
SELECT * FROM Sales.fn_GetOrderItems (1025) AS LineItems;

• TVFs are named objects with definitions stored in a database


• TVFs return a virtual table to the calling query
• Unlike views, TVFs support input parameters
– TVFs may be thought of as parameterized views
DEMO
Using Table-Valued Functions
Derived Tables
Introduction
SELECT orderyear, COUNT(DISTINCT custid) AS cust_count
FROM
(SELECT YEAR(orderdate) AS orderyear, custid
FROM Sales.Orders) AS derived_year
GROUP BY orderyear;

• Derived tables are named query expressions created within an


outer SELECT statement
• Not stored in database – represents a virtual relational table
• Scope of a derived table is the query in which it is defined
Derived Tables
Guidelines
• Derived tables must:
– Have an alias
– Have unique names for all columns
– Not use an ORDER BY clause (without TOP or OFFSET/FETCH)
– Not be referred to multiple times in the same query
• Derived tables may:
– Use internal or external aliases for columns
– Refer to parameters and/or variables
– Be nested within other derived tables
Derived Tables
Specifying Column Aliases
• Column aliases may be defined inline:
SELECT orderyear, COUNT(DISTINCT custid) AS cust_count
FROM ( SELECT YEAR(orderdate) AS orderyear, custid
FROM Sales.Orders) AS derived_year
GROUP BY orderyear;

• Or externally:
SELECT orderyear, COUNT(DISTINCT custid) AS cust_count
FROM ( SELECT YEAR(orderdate), custid
FROM Sales.Orders) AS
derived_year(orderyear, custid)
GROUP BY orderyear;
DEMO
Using Derived Tables
Common Table Expressions (CTEs)
WITH CTE_year (OrderYear, CustID)
AS
(
SELECT YEAR(orderdate), custid
FROM Sales.Orders
)
SELECT OrderYear, COUNT(DISTINCT CustID) AS Cust_Count
FROM CTE_year
GROUP BY orderyear;

• CTEs are named table expressions defined in a query


• CTEs are similar to derived tables in scope and naming
requirements
• Unlike derived tables, CTEs support multiple references and
recursion
Common Table Expressions
Recursion
WITH OrgReport (ManagerID, EmployeeID, EmployeeName, Level)
AS
(
SELECT e.ManagerID, e.EmployeeID, EmployeeName, 0
FROM HR.Employee AS e
WHERE ManagerID IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT e.ManagerID, e.EmployeeID, e.EmployeeName, Level + 1
FROM HR.Employee AS e
INNER JOIN OrgReport AS o ON e.ManagerID = o.EmployeeID
)
SELECT * FROM OrgReport
OPTION (MAXRECURSION 3);

• Specify a query for the anchor (root) level


• Use UNION ALL to add a recursive query for other levels
• Query the CTE, with optional MAXRECURSION option
DEMO
Using Common Table Expressions
Using Table Expressions
• Views
• Temporary Tables
• Table Variables
• Table-Valued Functions
• Derived Tables
• Common Table Expressions

• Lab: Using Table Expressions


©2014 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Office, Azure, System Center, Dynamics and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the
U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft
must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after
the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

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