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Classical Sets (Crisp Sets)

Classical sets, also known as crisp sets, have distinct elements where each object is either fully in or out of the set. Fuzzy sets generalize this by allowing partial membership, where objects can belong to a set to a degree between 0 and 1. Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic use if-then rules of the form "if x is A then y is B" where the antecedent and consequent are fuzzy sets. Operations on fuzzy sets like union, intersection, and complement are similar to classical sets but without the law of excluded middle.

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520 views30 pages

Classical Sets (Crisp Sets)

Classical sets, also known as crisp sets, have distinct elements where each object is either fully in or out of the set. Fuzzy sets generalize this by allowing partial membership, where objects can belong to a set to a degree between 0 and 1. Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic use if-then rules of the form "if x is A then y is B" where the antecedent and consequent are fuzzy sets. Operations on fuzzy sets like union, intersection, and complement are similar to classical sets but without the law of excluded middle.

Uploaded by

jyoti singh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CLASSICAL SETS( CRISP SETS)

Introduction
• A set is defined as collection of objects, which share certain
characteristics.

• A classic set is collection of distinct objects. For eg : User may


define classical set of negative integers, a set of persons with
height less than 6 feet etc.)

• Each individual entity in a set is called a member or an


element of the set.

• Classical set is defined in such a way that the universe od


discourse is splitted into two groups : members and non
members.
Cont.
• Consider an object x in a crisp set A. This object x is
either a member or a non member of a given set A.

• In case of crisp sets, no partial membership exists. A crisp


set is defined by its characteristic function.

• Let universe of discourse be U. The collection of


elements in the universe is called whole set. The total
number of elements in universe U is called cardinal
number denoted by nu.
•
We know for the crisp set A in Universe U:
1) An object x is a member of given set A (x Є A),i.e., x
belongs to A.
2) An object x is not a member of given set A (
Several other ways of defining set
Cont.
• For crisp sets A & B
containing some
elements in universe
X, notations uses as
follow :
• For classical sets A and B on X, we have following
notations :
Operation on Classical set
• 1) Union : The union between two sets gives all those
elements in the universe that belongs to either set A or set
B or both sets A & B. Union can be termed as logical OR
operations.
• Union of two sets A & B is given as
A U B = { x | x Є A or x Є B }
eg :
2) Intersection
• Intersection between two sets represents all those
elements in the universe that simultaneously belongs to
both the sets. Intersection also known as logical AND.
• A ∩ B = { x | x Є A or x Є B}
• Eg :
Complement
• The complement of set A is defined as collection of all
elements in universe X that donot reside in set A i.e., the
entities that do not belong to A. Denoted as Ᾱ and is
defined as
Difference ( Subtraction )
• The difference of set A with respect to set b is collection of
all elements in the universe that belongs to A but do not
belong to B i.e., the difference set consists of all elements
that belong to A but donot belong to B. Denoted as A | B
or A-B and given as
Properties of Classical Sets
Cont..
Fuzzy Set
• Fuzzy set may be viewed as an extension & generalization of the
basic concepts of crisp sets.
• Important property of fuzzy set is it allows partial membership.
• Fuzzy set is set having degrees of membership between 1 & O.
The membership in a fuzzy set need not be complete i.e. member
of one fuzzy set can also be member of other fuzzy sets in the
same universe.
• Eg: If a person has to be classified as friend or enemy, intelligent
people will not resort to absolute classification as friend or enemy.
• Rather they will classify person somewhere between two
extremes of friendship and enmity.
• Similary, vagueness is introduced in fuzzy set by eliminating the
sharp boundaries that divides members from nonmember in
group.
Cont.
• A fuzzy set in the universe of discourse U can be defined
as set of ordered pairs & given as :
Fuzzy set Operations
• Union : Let A & B be fuzzy sets in the universe of
discourse U
•
Intersection
Complement
Properties of Fuzzy sets
• Fuzzy set follow same properties as crisp sets except law
of excluded middle and law of contradiction . That is for
fuzzy set
Fuzzy If-then Rule
• Fuzzy sets form the building blocks for fuzzy If-THEN rules
which have the general form “ IF X is A THEN Y is B”, where A
and B are fuzzy sets.

• The IF part of an implication is called antecedent whereas the


THEN part is called consequent.

• A Fuzzy system is a set of fuzzy rules that convert inputs to


outputs.

• Fuzzy systems are rule based systems that are construct from
a collection of linguistic rules & fuzzy systems are nonlinear
mappings of inputs (stimuli) to outputs (responses).
Cont.
• Fuzzy sets and fuzzy sets operations are the subjects and verbs
of fuzzy logic. If-Then rule statements are used to formulate
the conditional statements that comprise fuzzy logic.
• A single fuzzy If-Then rule assumes the form

“If x is A Then y is B”
where A and B are linguistic variables defined by fuzzy sets on the ranges (i.e.
universe of discourse) X and Y respectively. The If-part of the rule ‘x is A’ is
called the antecedent or premise and the Then-part of the rule ‘y is B’ is called
the consequent or conclusion.
In other words, the conditional statement can be expressed in a
mathematical form
“If A Then B or A → B “
Example
• Speed and pressure of a steam engine can be expressed with
the following linguistic conditional statement
“If Speed is Slow Then Pressure should be High”
• If we want to represent this implication rule or fuzzy if then
rules in Matrix form, we will user Cartesian product (A x B).

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