“

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GYPSUM PRODUCTS

Presentation by
Dr.Sruneerdha.Tata
1st year pg
 CONTENTS

◈ INTRODUCTION  ◈ SETTING TIME 

◈ HISTORY  ◈ FACTORS AFFECTING SETTING TIME 
◈ VARITIES OF GYPSUM  ◈ SETTING EXPANSION AND TYPES 
◈ GENERAL AND DENTAL USES  ◈ FACTORS AFFECTING SETTING
◈ DESIRABLE PROPERTIES  EXPANSION 
◈ MANUFACTURING PROCESS  ◈ STRENGTH
◈ TYPES OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS ◈ PROPOTIONING AND MIXING
◈ PROPERTIES ◈ STRENGTH,SURFACE HARDNESS AND
ABBRASION RESISTANCE 
◈ MANIPULATION
◈ VISCOCITY ,FLOW AND REPRODUCTION
◈ SETTING REACTION OF DETAILS  
◈ THEORIES OF SETTING ◈ CARING FOR THE CAST 
REACTION
◈ CONCLUSION 
◈ REFERENCES

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89,526,124$
That’s a lot of money

185,244 users
And a lot of users

100%
Total success!

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“

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 WORLD WIDE

USA

CHINA

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 JAMMU KASHMIR

RAJASTHAN
India

MINISTRY OF MINES
MINISTRY MINES

R-81%
R-81 %
JK-14%
JK-14 %
TN-2%
TN-2 %
Otherstates-3
Other states-3%
%

TAMILNADU

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 VARITIES OF GYPSUM
SATIN SPUR

White
ALBLASTER
ROCK

White Black

SELENITE

Gray

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GENERAL USES

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APPLICATIONS IN DENTISTRY

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DESIRABLE PROPERTIES

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WHAT IS CALCINATION
?

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 CALCINATION

DRY CALCINATION WET CALCINATION

BETA HEMIHYDRATE ALPHA HEMIHYDRATE

(PLASTER ,IMPRESSION PLASTER) (DENTAL STONE/HYDROCAL)

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DIE STONE /ALPHA MODIFIED STONE

GYPSUM

30 % CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION

AUTOCLAVE WITH 0.5% SODIUM SUCCINATE

( ALPHA MODIFIED STONE OR DIE STONE)

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α vs. β

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 CALCINATION

110°C – 130°C CaSO4. 1/2H2O + water

CaSO4. 2H2O
(Calcium sulfate hemihydrate) first

130°C – 200°C
CaSO4. 1/2H2O CaSO4 + water
(Soluble anhydrate) first

200°C – 1000°C

CaSO4 CaSO4
(Insoluble anhydrate) first

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CLASSIFICATION

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 IMPRESSION PLASTER/TYPE I

COMPOSITION

Dental plaster + k2 so4 + Borax + Coloring + Flavoring agents

Advantages:-

Records excellent fine details.  

Disadvantages:-
Small dimensional changes.
Fracture on removal from undercuts
Separating media is required
Non toxic but causes dryness

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SOLUBLE PLASTER

Impression Plaster

Potato Starch

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 MODEL PLASTER ( TYPE II)

β – hemihydrate/Laboratory plaster
Uses:-
For primary cast for complete dentures.

For articulation purposes.

For flasking in denture construction.

Advantages:-
Inexpensive
Disadvantages:-
Low strength
Porosity
 
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 DENTAL STONE( TYPE III)

α – hemihydrate or Hydrocal 
Uses –

Making casts for diagnostic purposes & for complete or partial denture
construction. 

Advantages:- Greater strength & surface hardness. 

Disadvantage:- More expensive than plaster. 

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.

DENTAL STONE ,HIGH STRENGTH/TYPE IV

Modified α – hemihydrate, Densite or

Die stone .

Uses:-

For making casts or dies for crown, bridge & inlay fabrication.

Advantages:-

High strength
Surface hardness
Abrasion resistance
Minimum setting expansion

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 DENTAL STONE, HIGH STRENGTH, HIGH
EXPANSION(Type V)

Most recent gypsum product.

 
Uses:-
When inadequate expansion has been achieved during the fabrication of cast
crowns.
 
Advantages:-
Higher compressive strength
 
Higher setting expansion(0.10-0.30%)

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 SYNTHETIC GYPSUM

◈ α & β- hemihydrates can also be made from the by products/ waste products
of the manufacture of phosphoric acid.

◈ Synthetic product is more expensive than that made from natural gypsum.

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 SETTING REACTION
Hemihydrate + water –----------- Dihydrate + unreacted hemihydate + Heat

Hemihydrate is four times more soluble than dihydrate.

The reaction rate is followed by the exothermic heat evolved as shown in fig.

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 THEORIES OF SETTING REACTION

1.COLLOIDAL THEORY

2.HYDRATION THEORY

3.DISSOLUTION –PRECIPITATION THEORY

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 COLLOIDAL THEORY

Plaster mixed with water

plaster enter into a colloidal state through sol-gel mechanism

In the sol state hemihydrate combines with water to form dihydrate

water is consumed and mass turns to a ‘’solid gel ’’

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 HYDRATION THEORY
 

The rehydrated plaster particles join together through hydrogen

bonding to the sulfate groups to form the set material.

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DISSOLUTION PRECIPITATION THEORY

Dissolution of plaster and instant re crystallization of gypsum

Interlocking of crystals.

Set product

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CHEMICAL STAGES OF SETTING OF GYPSUM

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 PHYSICAL STAGES

1.Fluid

2.Plastic

3.Firable

4.carvable

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 PROPERTIES

MIXING TIME

WORKING TIME

SETTING TIME

READY TO USE

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 MANIPULATION

POWDER TO WATER
or
WATER TO POWDER

?
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 W: P RATIO
Recommended water powder ratio 18.6 ml per 100 gm of powder
(GAUGING WATER)

Impression plaster :0.50 to 0.75

Dental plaster :0.45 to 0.50

Dental stone :0.28 to 0.30

Die stone, type 4 :0.22 to 0.24

Die stone ,type 5 :0.18 to 0.20

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EFFECT OF W:P RATIO ON SETTING REACTION

Effect of W:P ratio & Mixing time on the Setting time of plaster of paris

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Effect of W:P ratio on the Compressive Strength of different materials

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 MANIPULATION
PROPORTIONING AND MIXING

Indian Dentist Research And Review/October 2017

MECHANICAL-------- 20-30 sec

HAND MIXING--------- 1 min
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MECHANICAL MIXING

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 SETTING EXPANSION

NORMAL SETTING EXPANSION

HYGROSCOPICSETTINGEXPANSION

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 NORMAL EXPANSION
STAGE I STAGE 2 STAGE 3

STAGE 4 STAGE 5

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 HYGROSCOPIC EXPANSION
STAGE I STAGE 2 STAGE 3

STAGE 4 STAGE 5

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SETTING EXPANSION

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 SETTING TIME

INITIAL SETTING TIME FINAL SETTING TIME

TESTS FOR SETTING OF GYPSUMN PRODUCTS

1. LOSS OF GLOSS TEST

2. VICAT NEEDLE TEST

3.GILLMORE’S NEEDLE TEST

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LOSS OF GLOSS TEST

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VICATS’S NEEDLE TEST

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GILLMORE NEEDLE TEST

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 FACTORS CONTROLING SETTING EXPANSION

1.Mixing time

2.water powder ratio

3.Modifiers like accelerators and Retarders

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 STRENGTH

WET STRENGTH

DRY STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

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Effect of W:P ratio & Mixing time on the Compressive Strength of plaster of paris

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Al-Rafidian Dental Journal- 2009

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 ACCELERATORS AND RETARDERS
ACCELERATORS

Tera alba

Potassium sulphate (> 2%)

Sodium chloride(2 %)

Slurry water (2 %)

RETARDERS

Form an absorbed layer on Hemihydrate to reduce its solubility

Glue

Gelatin

Borates

Citrates
Acetates 70
SURFACE HARDNESS & ABRASION RESISTANCE

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 SPECIAL GYPSUM PODUCTS

-White stone or plaster – longer working time

- Gypsum products used for mounting casts are called as “mounting stones or
-
plasters”- fast setting & decreased setting expansion.

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 REPRODUCTION OF DETAIL

-ADA Specification No. 25 requires

- that types I & II reproduce a groove 75m in width.

-whereas types III, IV & V reproduce a groove 50m in width.

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 CARING FOR THE CAST

1.If the cast surface is smooth when removed from the mould its accuracy is
questionable.

2.Casts once set will maintain the dimensional stability

3.But in few cases cast has to be immersed in water so few changes may occur if the
water is saturated with calcium sulphate.

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 INFECTION CONTROL

- ADA recommends the use of

- 1 :2 dilutions of Iodophor

- 1: 10 dilutions of sodium hypochlorite

- Casts should be stored for 24 hrs

- A Disinfected dental stone is available with bactericidal

properties but not recognized by FDI

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 REFERENCES

1. Anusavice K.J.-“Phillips’ Science of Dental materials” 11th edition

2. Craig’s R.G., Powers J.M. – “Restorative Dental Materials” 11thedition

3. Anusavice K.J.-“Phillips’ Science of Dental materials” 12th edition

4. Mc Cabe J.F. – “Applied Dental Materials” 7th edition

5.Phillips R.W.-“Skinner’s Science of Dental Materials”9th edition.

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 REFERENCES

1.Hatim NA ,Al-Khyat IK ,Abdullah MA, .Modification of gypsum products (part II ): The effect of drying methods
on the compressive strength and surface hardness of modified gypsum products .Al-Rafidian Dent.J 2009:9(2);162-
167

2.Vijayaragavan N, padmanaban TV ,subramanium R, The effect of additives and microwave oven drying on the
compression strength of type 4 dental stone. Indian journal of multidisciplinary Dentistry,2011 1(6)306-310

3.High level microwave disinfection of dental gypsum casts. Berg E,Nielson O, International journal
of prosthodontics 2005 18,520:5.

4.Journal of dental and medical sciences dec 2016.Study of surface hardness of gypsum casts
made with slurry water, Dr sweetha chowdary,Dr Banergee, Dr TK Giri,Dr ajith kum ar

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THANK YOU

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