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Micromeritics-Part 2

Micromeritics is the science and technology of small particles. It involves characterizing particles based on their fundamental properties like shape, size, and size distribution, as well as derived properties like porosity and flowability. Particle size is important in pharmacy because it impacts properties like dissolution, drug release, and stability of formulations. Common techniques to determine particle size include microscopy, sieving, and light scattering.

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160 views

Micromeritics-Part 2

Micromeritics is the science and technology of small particles. It involves characterizing particles based on their fundamental properties like shape, size, and size distribution, as well as derived properties like porosity and flowability. Particle size is important in pharmacy because it impacts properties like dissolution, drug release, and stability of formulations. Common techniques to determine particle size include microscopy, sieving, and light scattering.

Uploaded by

Safwan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Micromeritics

Introduction
• Definition: It is the science and technology of small particles.
• The unit of particle size used in the micrometer (µm), micron
(µ) and equal to 10-6 m.
• As particle size decreases , area increases 
• The micromeritics is the technology of fine particles(small & part)
• Knowledge and control of the size and the size range of particles are of
significant importance in pharmacy because the size and surface area of a
particle related to the physical, chemical and pharmacologic properties of
a drug.
• The study of the fundamental and derived properties of individual
and collection of particles
• The particle size of a drug can affect its release from dosage forms that
are administered orally, parenterally , rectally and topically
particles characterization
How particles can be characterize?
It can be classified as
Primary or fundamental properties
• Shape of the particles
• Size of particles
• Particles size distribution
• Surface area
Secondary or derived properties
• porosity
• Density
• bulkiness
• packing arrangement
• flow properties
The fundamental and derived properties of particles applications in
pharmacy
Dissolution: The surface area per unit weight, which is known as the
specific surface, is increased by reduction in the particle size. The
increase in surface area by particle size reduction increases the rate of
drug dissolution
Appearance: Feel, texture and colour of certain excipients or drugs
depend on the particle size.
Flowability : The flow properties of powders depend on the particle
size, size distribution and the particle shape.
The fundamental and derived properties of particles applications in pharmacy

• Compressibility
• Physical properties of powders such as compressibility, porosity and bulk density
depend on particle size and size distribution.
• Drug release: The release characteristics of drugs from creams, ointments and
suppositories are dependent on the particle size .
• Stability: The stability of biphasic formulations including suspensions and
emulsions depends on the particle size, and an increase in the particle size
decreases the stability of these systems.
• Mixing: The mixing of several solid ingredients is easier and more uniform if the
ingredients are of approximately the same size.
• Drying: The drying of wet masses may be facilitated by size reduction
Fundamental properties of powders

1.Particle shape
2. Particle size and size distribution
3. Particle number
4. Particle volume
5. Particle surface area
Particle Shape significance
Particle Shape is external appearance of particle
• It is exist different shapes
• Particle sizes combined with particle shape affect the packing properties,
and they also influence the surface area.
• It is affect flow property of powders .it decreases as the shapes of
particles become more irregular.
• Porosity of particle very much depend on the shape of particles.
• Affect on the rate of sedimentation as in case of pharmaceutical
suspension
• Particles shape also affect powder mixing .
• Effect on the compaction properties of powder.
Particle Shape

• Particle sizes combined with particle shape affect the packing


properties and flow of the powder, and they also influence the
surface area.
• It is generally accepted that the flowability of powders decreases as
the shapes of particles become more irregular.
• A sphere is characterized by its diameter (d).
Particle size and size Distribution
• When a powder sample contains of uniform size, it is said to be mono-
disperse.
• In collection of particles of more than one size, it is said to be poly-disperse.
• The pharmaceutical powders are almost always be poly-disperse and hence
it is necessary to characterize particle size and their distribution.
Characterization two properties are important
(a) the shape and surface area of the individual particles, and
(b) the size range and number or weight of particles present and hense, the
total surface area.
• The size of a sphere can completly be expressed in terms of its diameter.
• When particle is asymmetrical the diameter which is related to an equivalent spherical diameter,.
The size of particles may be expressed as
(i) Surface diameter, ds :
Is the diameter of a sphere having the same surface area as that of the asymmetric particle.
(ii) Volume diameter, dv : Is the diameter of a sphere having same volume as that of the asymmetric particle.
(iii) Projected diameter, d p : Is the diameter of sphere having the same observed area as the particle when
viewed normal to its most stable plane.
(iv) Stokes‘ diameter, dst : Is the diameter of an equivalent sphere undergoing sedimentation at the same rate
as the asymmetric particle.
(v) Sieve diameter, d sieve: Is the diameter of a sphere that will just pass through the same square or sieve
aperture as the particle.
(vi) Volume-surface diameter; dvs : Is the diameter of a sphere that has the same volume to surface area ratio
as the asymmetric particle.
Particle Size Distribution: When the number, or weight of
particles lying within a certain size range is plotted against the
size range or mean particle size, a frequency distribution curve
can be obtained, as shown in Fig.
PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION METHODS

• The particle size distribution can be quantified by the following:


• 1. Determining the number of particles: Optical microscopy, electron
microscopy (SEM, TEM)
• 2. Determining the weight of particles: Sieving technique, sedimentation,
centrifugation
• 3. Determining light scattering by particles: Photon correlation
spectroscopy
Secondary or derived properties

• flow properties
• porosity
• density
• packing arrangement
• bulkiness
Angles of repose

• If a powder is allowed to flow onto a flat surface, a pile or heap of


powder is formed.
• A material that is not cohesive and flows well, spreads out, forming a
low heap. More cohesive materials form higher heaps, which are less
spread out.
• The angle of repose (T) is defined as the angle of the free surface of a
pile of powder to the horizontal plane and is represented by the
following equation:

where h is the height of pile, r the radius of pile and 0 the angle of repos

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