Structured Programming

Arab Academy for Science and Technology

CC112, Spring 2012

Dr. Ahmed Sherif Zekri

1
 Course Goals
• Introduce General concepts of
Programming

• Begin to Think Like a Programmer

• Start Programming With C (a powerful,

widely-used programming language)

• Become Junior C Programmer

2
 Course Outline
• An introduction to computer programming
• Problem solving skills and software
development methods
• Data types, operators and simple functions
• Selection structure (IF and Switch
statements)
• Repetition and loop statements
• Function & modular programming
• Arrays & applications
• Multidimensional arrays
3
 Lecture One

Overview of Computer,
Programming and Problem Solving

4
 Outline
• Overview of Computer, Programming and
Problem Solving

• What is Programming?

• Programming Life-Cycle Phases

• Algorithm Basic Control Structures

• Sample problem 5
 Background
?What is a Computer
• Device capable of performing computations and
logical decisions

• Perform these tasks millions and even billions of

times faster than people can

• Computers process data through sets of

instructions called computer programs (s.w.)

• Programs guide the computer through actions as

specified by people called computer programmers; For
this course, that will be YOU.
6
 Background
Computer Components

7
 ?What is Programming

• Given a well-defined problem:

1. Find an algorithm to solve a problem.

2. Express that algorithm in a way that the
computer can execute it.

8
Programming Life Cycle Phases

1. Analyze the problem.

• This involves identifying the data you have to work with it,
the desired results, and any additional requirements or
constrains on the solution.

2. Design the algorithm to solve the problem.

• An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem in
a finite amount of time.

3. Implement the algorithm.

• Each algorithm is converted into one or more steps in a
programming language. This process is called CODING.

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… Programming Life Cycle Phases
4. Test and verify the completed program.
• Run the program several times using different sets of data, making sure
that it works correctly for every situation in the algorithm .

• if it does not work correctly, then you must find out what is
wrong with your program or algorithm and fix it--this is called
DEBUGGING

5. Maintain and update the program.

• maintenance begins when your program is put into use and accounts for
the majority of effort on most programs.

• MODIFY the program to meet changing requirements or correct

errors that show up in using it.

10
 Algorithm Basic Control
Structures
• a sequence is a series of statements that execute one after
another

• selection (branch) is used to execute different statements

depending on certain condition(s)

• Looping (repetition) is used to repeat statement(s) while

certain condition(s) are met.

• a subprogram is used to break the program into smaller

units

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 Control Structures
Sequences

Statement Statement Statement ...

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 Control structures
Selection (Branching)

IF Condition THEN Statement1 ELSE Statement2

True Statement1
Statement
Condition ...
False Statement2

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 Control structures
Loop (Repetition)

WHILE Condition Statement1

False
...
Condition
Tr
ue

Statement

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 Control structures
Subprogram (Function)

PROGRAM1 ...

SUBPROGRAM1
a meaningful collection
of SEQUENCE,
SELECTION, LOOP,
SUBPROGRAM

15
 Sample Problem
Company payroll case study
A small company needs an interactive
program to figure its weekly payroll.

• The payroll clerk will input data for each

employee: ID, #hours, pay rate/hour

• Each employee’s wage is calculated

• Display the total wages for the week on the

screen.

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 Sample Problem

A programmer needs an algorithm to

determine an employee’s weekly
wages. How would the calculations
be done by hand?

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 One Employee’s Wages
Ex1. In one week an employee works 52
hours at the hourly pay rate of 24.75. Assume
a 40.0 hour normal work week and an
overtime pay rate factor of 1.5
What are the employee’s wages?

40 x 24.75 = 990.00
12 x 1.5 x 24.75 = ___________
445.50
1435.50 18

18
 One Employee’s Wages
Ex2. In one week an employee works 36
hours at the hourly pay rate of 24.75. Assume
a 40.0 hour normal work week and an
overtime pay rate factor of 1.5
What are the employee’s wages?

36 x 24.75 = 891.00

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19
 Weekly Wages, in General
If hours are more than 40.0, then
wages = (40.0 * payRate) +
(hours - 40.0) * 1.5 *payRate
otherwise,
wages = hours * payRate

payRate: rate per hour

hours; # of hours
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 Algorithm for Company
Payroll Program
• initialize total company payroll to 0.0
• repeat this process for each employee:
1. Get the employee’s ID (empNum)
2. Get the employee’s hourly rate (payRate)
3. Get the hours worked this week (hours)
4. Calculate this week’s wages
5. Add wages to total company payroll
• write total company payroll on screen

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 C Program
/* ***************************************************
Payroll program
This program computes each employee’s wages and
the total company payroll
***************************************************/

#include <stdio.h> /* for keyboard/screen I/O */

#define MAX_HOURS 40.0 /* Maximum normal hours */
#define OVERTIME 1.5 /* Overtime pay factor */

void CalcPay ( float, float, float& ) ;

int main( )
{
float payRate; /* Employee’s pay rate */
float hours; /* Hours worked */
float wages; /* Wages earned */
float total; /* Total company payroll */
int empNum; /* Employee ID number */ 22

22
 total = 0.0 ;
printf( “Enter employee number: “); /* Prompt */
scanf(“%d” , &empNum); /* Read ID number */

while ( empNum != 0 ) /* While not done */

{
printf(“Enter pay rate: “);
scanf(“%f”, &payRate) ; /* Read pay rate */
printf(“Enter hours worked: “);
scanf(“%f”, &hours) ; /* and hours worked */

CalcPay(payRate, hours, wages); /* Compute wages */

total = total + wages; /* Add to total */

printf( “Enter employee number: “);

scanf(“%d”,&empNum); /* Read ID number */
}
printf(“Total payroll is %f “,total);
return 0 ; /* Successful completion */
} 23

23
void CalcPay ( /* in */ float payRate ,
/* in */ float hours ,
/* out */ float& wages )

/* CalcPay computes wages from the employee’s pay rate

and the hours worked, taking overtime into account
*/
{
if ( hours > MAX_HOURS )
wages = (MAX_HOURS * payRate ) +
(hours - MAX_HOURS) * payRate * OVER_TIME;
else
wages = hours * payRate;
}

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24
 Problem
• Write a program that takes the length and
width of a piece of land, and the length and
width of a house to be built inside it and
then tell you how much grass you need to
buy to cover the garden (in square meters).

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