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Multiprocessing: - Classification

This document summarizes multiprocessing and multiprocessor systems. It discusses loosely coupled and tightly coupled multiprocessing and classifications of multiprocessors. It describes the characteristics of multiprocessors including multiple similar processors that share common memory and I/O devices controlled by an integrated OS. It also outlines different organizations of multiprocessor systems including using a time-shared bus, multiport memory, or central control unit. Finally, it discusses multiprocessor operating systems and types of parallel processors.

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52 views14 pages

Multiprocessing: - Classification

This document summarizes multiprocessing and multiprocessor systems. It discusses loosely coupled and tightly coupled multiprocessing and classifications of multiprocessors. It describes the characteristics of multiprocessors including multiple similar processors that share common memory and I/O devices controlled by an integrated OS. It also outlines different organizations of multiprocessor systems including using a time-shared bus, multiport memory, or central control unit. Finally, it discusses multiprocessor operating systems and types of parallel processors.

Uploaded by

domainname9
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Multiprocessing

• Concept is used to improve performance and reliability


• Classification
•Loosely Coupled Multiprocessing
•Functionally Specialized Processors
•Tightly Coupled Multiprocessing (multiprocessor)
•Parallel Processing
Characteristics of Multiprocessors
• Contains 2 or more similar general purpose processors
of comparable capability
• All processors share access to common memory.
Some local or private memory may also be used
• All processors share access to I/O devices, either
through same channels or through different channels
that provide paths to the same devices
• System is controlled by an integrated OS. OS provides
interaction b/w processors and their programs
Organization of Multiprocessor System

1. Time-Shared or Common Bus


2. Multiport Memory
3. Central Control Unit
1. Time-Shared or Common Bus
• System bus is used for interconnection of all the
components. The bus consists of data bus, control
bus, address bus
• It has provision for DMA transfers. To facilitate
DMA transfer Addressing, Arbitration and Time
sharing features are provided.
• Advantages:
•Simplicity: Easy to design
•Flexibility: Easy to expand the system by
attaching more CPUs to the bus
•Reliability: Failure of any attached device will
not cause failure of whole system
• Disadvantage: Speed of system limited by cycle time
2. Multiport Memory

• Allows direct, independent access to main memory


modules by each CPU and I/O module
• Logic is associated with memory to resolve conflicts
• The method used to resolve conflicts is to assign
permanently priorities to each memory port
• This is more complex approach as compared to bus
approach
• Performance is better as compared to bus approach
3. Central Control Unit

• Central control unit is responsible for transmitting


data streams back and forth between independent
modules
• The controller can buffer requests and perform
arbitration and timing functions
• Can also pass status and control information between
CPUs
• Flexible & simple approach as a single control unit
provides interface to I/O, memory and CPUs
• Disadvantage: Control unit is quite complex
Multiprocessor Operating System
• In a tightly coupled multiprocessor system, OS
controls the operation of the system
• i.e. multiple jobs or processes may be active at a time,
and OS schedules their execution and allocate
resources
• 7 common functions are identified for such OS:
•Resource Allocation and Management
•Table and Data Protection
•Prevention of System Deadlock
•Abnormal Termination
•I/O Load Balancing
•Processor Load Balancing
•Reconfiguration
Types of Parallel Processors
• A parallel processor is a system in which multiple
processors are interconnected and work collectively to
execute application program
• High-level parallelism e.g. system s/w and
applications
• Systems supporting Low-level parallelism are
excluded from this category
• E.g. of low –level parallelism are:
•Instruction pipelining
•Multiple processor functional units
•Separate specialized processors
Types of Parallel Processors
Parallel processors can be classified as (proposed by
Flynn):
• Single instruction, single data (SISD) stream :
Uniprocessors
• Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) stream :
Vector and array processors
• Multiple instruction, single data (MISD) stream :
Not implemented commercially
• Multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD)
stream : Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP), NUMA,
clusters

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