POLLUTION

 Pollution is the effect of undesirable changes in our surroundings that have

harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings. No natural phenomenon has
led to greater ecological changes than have been made by mankind. During the last few
decades we have contaminated our air, water and land on which life itself depends with
a variety of waste products. Pollutants include solid, liquid or gaseous substances
present in greater than natural abundance produced due to human activity, which
have a detrimental effect on our environment. The nature and concentration of a
pollutant determines the severity of detrimental effects on human health.
 Pollution sources are split into : Point Sources and Non-Point Sources.
 A point source is a single large emitter into the environment. Usually this means a
source can be traced back, like the smokestack of a coal-fired power plant, or the
drainpipe of a factory. However, non-point sources are hard or even impossible to trace
back because their pollutants are dispersed. An example would be run off of fertilizers
and pesticides from farms, golf courses, and residential lawns into streams or lakes. It is
apparent that there is pollution in the streams and lakes, but it is not so
apparent exactly where it comes from.
Pollution and waste can often be confused for one another. Waste is the
disposed product of a once-useful system .In contrast, pollution is harmful
waste.
From an ecological perspective pollutants can be classified as follows:
Degradable or non-persistent pollutants: These can be rapidly broken
down by natural processes. Eg: domestic sewage, discarded vegetables, etc.
Slowly degradable or persistent pollutants: Pollutants that remain in the
environment for many years in an unchanged condition and take decades or
longer to degrade. Eg: DDT and most plastics.
Non-degradable pollutants: These cannot be degraded by natural processes.
Once they are released into the environment they are difficult to eradicate
and continue to accumulate. Eg: toxic elements like lead or mercury.
Structure of the atmosphere
 The atmosphere is normally composed of 79 percent nitrogen, 20 percent oxygen
and one percent as a mixture of carbon dioxide, water vapour and trace amounts
of several other gases such as neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen and
xenon.
 The innermost layer the troposphere extends approx 12-17 kilometers above sea
level . It contains about 75 percent of the mass of the earth’s air layer is where
we have our weather and air pollution problems.
 Air pollution:
 Air pollution: The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air that
interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects.
 Air pollution occurs due to the presence of undesirable solid or gaseous particles in the air in
quantities that are harmful to human health and the environment.
 Pollutants that are emitted directly from identifiable sources are produced both by natural
events (for example, dust storms and volcanic eruptions) and human activities (emission from
vehicles, industries, etc.) These are called primary pollutants.
 There are five primary pollutants that together contribute about 90 percent of the global air
pollution. These are carbon oxides (CO and CO2), nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, volatile
organic compounds (mostly hydrocarbons) and suspended particulate matter.
 Pollutants that are produced in the atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take place
among the primary pollutants are called secondary pollutants. Eg : sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
carbonic acid, etc.
Causes of air pollution

  Many pollutants enter the atmosphere when we burn fossil fuels—such as coal and petroleum—and
wood. These particles can come from many sources, including car exhaust, factories and even wildfires.
Some of the particles and gases come directly from these sources, but others form through chemical
reactions in the air. Aerosols can come from other places, too, such as ash from an erupting volcano.
Some common gaseous air pollutants-
 Sulfur dioxide- combustion of sulfur containing fossil fuel, for both electric power generation and process
heat.
 Oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2)- Nitric oxide is formed by the combustion of nitrogen-containing compounds
(including fossil fuels) and by thermal fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
 Carbon monoxide- CO is a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing compounds. Most of
the CO in the ambient air comes from vehicle exhaust.
 Hydrocarbons- Vehicles are also a major source of atmospheric hydrocarbons.
 Ozone and other photochemical oxidants- nitrogen oxides formed in the combustion of gasoline and other
fuel, and emitted to the atmosphere, are acted upon by sunlight to yield ozone (03). Since ozone is not
emitted directly but formed from other pollutants in the air, it is considered a secondary rather than a primary
pollutant like CO.
 Carbon dioxide – Burning of fossil fules.
 Chlorofluorocarbons- Automobiles emission , fire, industrial processes.
Nongaseous pollutants -
 Virtually every industrial process is a potential source of dust, smoke, or aerosol emissions,
including waste incineration, coal combustion, Agricultural operations are a major source of
dust, construction etc.
 The solid and liquid particles suspended in our air are called aerosols.
 Aerosol - General term for particles suspended in air Sprays from pressurized cans.
 Mist- Aerosol consisting of liquid droplets.
 Dust - Aerosol consisting of solid particles that are blown into Dust storm the air or are
produced from larger particles by grinding them down.
 Smoke - Aerosol consisting of solid particles or a mixture of solid smoke and liquid particles
produced by chemical reaction such fires.
 Fog - Aerosol consisting of water droplets
 Smog - Term used to describe a mixture of smoke and fog.
 Fume - Generally means the same as smoke but often applies specifically to aerosols produced
by condensation of hot vapors of metals.
 Lead fume is a major air pollutant that remains largely unmonitored and is emitted by vehicles.
High lead levels have been reported in the ambient air in metropolitan cities.
Effects of air pollution
 Aerosols can impact how the Sun’s light hits Earth. For example, some aerosols reflect sunlight while
others absorb sunlight. It depends on the color of the particle.
 Effects On Humans- People experience a wide range of health effects from being exposed to air
pollution. Effects can be broken down into short-term effects and long-term effects. Short-term effects,
which are temporary, include illnesses such as pneumonia or bronchitis. They also include discomfort
such as irritation to the nose, throat, eyes, or skin .Long-term effects of air pollution can last for years or
for an entire lifetime. They can even lead to a person's death. Long-term health effects from air pollution
include heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory diseases.
 Effects On The Environment- Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide particles in the air, can create acid
rain when they mix with water and oxygen in the atmosphere. These air pollutants come mostly from coal-
fired power plants and motor vehicles. When acid rain falls to Earth, it damages plants by changing soil
composition; degrades water quality in rivers, lakes and streams; damages crops; and can cause buildings
and monuments to decay.
Global warming is an environmental phenomenon , it refers to rising air and ocean temperatures around
the world. This temperature rise is at least partially caused by an increase in the amount of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases trap heat energy in the Earths atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a
greenhouse gas that has had the biggest effect on global warming. Other greenhouse gases emitted by
natural and artificial sources also include methane, nitrous oxide and the excessive concentration of these
gases in the atmosphere is the cause of the recent climate change.
 Prevention
 Renewable fuel and clean energy production- The most basic solution for air pollution is to
move away from fossil fuels, replacing them with alternative energies like solar, wind and
geothermal.
 Energy conservation and efficiency- Producing clean energy is crucial. But equally
important is to reduce our consumption of energy by adopting responsible habits and using
more efficient devices.
 Eco- friendly transportation - Shifting to electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles, and
promoting shared mobility (i.e. carpooling, and public transports) could reduce air pollution.
 Regulation - Most developed nations have adopted laws to regulate emissions and reduce air
pollution. In the United States, debate is under way about a system called cap and trade to
limit emissions. This system would cap, or place a limit, on the amount of pollution a
company is allowed. Companies that exceeded their cap would have to pay.
 Catalytic convertor - Air pollution from automobiles can be controlled by fitting catalytic
convertor. A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that reduces toxic gases
and pollutants. Catalytic converters change harmful substances in a car’s exhaust gasses, such
as carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and hydrocarbons, into less harmful
substances like carbon dioxide and water vapour by means of chemical reactions.
 Water pollution
 Water pollution happens when chemicals or dangerous
foreign substances are introduced to water, including
chemicals, sewage, pesticides and fertilizers from
agricultural runoff, or metals like lead or mercury.
 When the quality or composition of water changes
directly or indirectly as a result of man’s activities
such that it becomes unfit for any purpose it is said
to be polluted.
Causes of water pollution
 There are several classes of common water pollutants. These are disease-causing
agents (pathogens) which include bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms that
enter water from domestic sewage and untreated human and animal wastes.
 Another category of water pollutants is oxygen depleting wastes. These are organic
wastes that can be decomposed by aerobic (oxygen requiring) bacteria. Large
populations of bacteria use up the oxygen present in water to degrade these wastes. In
the process this degrades water quality. If too much organic matter is added to the water
all the available oxygen is used up. This causes fish and other forms of oxygen
dependent aquatic life to die. Thus anaerobic bacteria (those that do not require oxygen)
begin to break down the wastes. Their anaerobic respiration produces chemicals that
have a foul odour and an unpleasant taste that is harmful to human health.
 A third class of pollutants are inorganic plant nutrients. These are water soluble
nitrates/fertilizers and phosphates that cause excessive growth of algae and other
aquatic plants. The excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants due to added nutrients
is called eutrophication. They may interfere with the use of the water by clogging
water intake pipes, changing the taste and odour.
 A fourth class of water pollutants is water soluble inorganic chemicals
which are acids, salts and compounds of toxic metals such as mercury
and lead. High levels of these chemicals can make the water unfit to
drink, harm fish and other aquatic life, reduce crop yields and accelerate
corrosion of equipment that use this water.
 Sediment of suspended matter is another class of water pollutants.
These are insoluble particles of soil and other solids that become
suspended in water. This occurs when soil is eroded from the land. High
levels of soil particles suspended in water, interferes with the
penetration of sunlight. This reduces the photosynthetic activity of
aquatic plants and algae disrupting the ecological balance of the aquatic
bodies.
 Human littering in rivers, oceans, lakes and other bodies of water.
Harmful litter includes plastics, aluminum, glass and Styrofoam.
 Oil Spills.
 Effects of water pollution
 On human health- Waterborne pathogens, in the form of disease-causing bacteria and viruses
from human and animal waste, are a major cause of illness from contaminated drinking water.
Diseases spread by unsafe water include cholera, typhoid. Once chemicals are ingested, these
toxins can cause a host of health issues, from cancer to hormone disruption to altered brain
function. Children and pregnant women are particularly at risk.
 On Environment - Ecosystems rely on a complex web of animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi
—all of which interact, directly or indirectly, with each other. Harm to any of these organisms
can create a chain effect to entire aquatic environments. When water pollution causes an algal
bloom in a lake or marine environment, the proliferation of newly introduced nutrients
stimulates plant and algae growth, which in turn reduces oxygen levels in the water. This
dearth of oxygen, known as eutrophication, suffocates plants and animals.
 Chemicals and heavy metals from industrial and municipal wastewater contaminate waterways
as well. These contaminants are toxic to aquatic life—most often reducing an organism’s life
span and ability to reproduce—and make their way up the food chain as predator eats prey.
 Ocean acidification is making it tougher for shellfish and coral to survive. Though they absorb
about a quarter of the carbon pollution created each year by burning fossil fuels, oceans are
becoming more acidic. This process makes it harder for shellfish and other species to build
shells and may impact the nervous systems of sharks, clownfish, and other marine life.
Prevention
 Wastewater treatment - Wastewater treatment consists of removing pollutants from
wastewater through a physical, chemical or biological process. The more efficient these
processes are, the cleaner the water becomes.
 Green agriculture - Globally, agriculture accounts for 70% of water resources, so it is essential
to have climate-friendly crops, efficient irrigation that reduces the need for water and energy-
efficient food production. Green agriculture is also crucial to limit the chemicals that enter the
water.
 Stormwater management - Stormwater management is the effort to reduce runoff of rainwater
or melted snow into streets, lawns and other sites and the improvement of water quality” . It is
important to avoid pollutants from contaminating the water and helps to use water more
efficiently.
 Air pollution prevention - Air pollution has a direct impact on water contamination as 25% of
human induced CO2 emissions are absorbed by oceans. This pollution causes a rapid
acidification of our oceans, and threatens marine life and corals. Preventing air pollution is the
best way to prevent this from happening.
 Plasticwaste reduction- 80% of plastic in our oceans is from land sources. In order to reduce
the amount of plastic entering our ocean, we need to both reduce our use of plastic globally, and
to improve plastic waste management.
 Water conservation - Without water conservation, we won’t go very far. It is central in making
sure the world has better access to clean water. It means being aware that water is a scarce
resource, taking care of it accordingly, and managing it responsibly.
NOISE POLLUTION

 Noise pollution can be defined as any disturbing or unwanted noise that interferes

or harms humans or wildlife. 
 Noise pollution is an invisible danger. It cannot be seen, but it is present
nonetheless, both on land and under the sea.
 Sound is measured in decibels.The World Health Organization (WHO) defines
noise above 65 decibels (dB) as noise pollution. Noise becomes harmful when it
exceeds 75 decibels (dB) and is painful above 120 dB. As a consequence, it is
recommended noise levels be kept below 65 dB during the day and indicates that
restful sleep is impossible with nighttime ambient noise levels in excess of 30 dB.
 In this type of pollution contaminants are not physical particles, but waves which
interfere with naturally occurring waves of a similar type in the same environment.
 Exposure to prolonged or excessive noise has been shown to cause a range of
health problems.
Causes
 Traffic noise - Traffic noise accounts for most polluting noise in cities. For
example, a car horn produces 90 dB and a bus produces 100 dB.
 Air traffic noise - There are fewer aircraft flying over cities than there are cars
on the roads, but the impact is greater: a single aircraft produces 130 dB.
 Construction sites - Building and car park construction and road and
pavement resurfacing works are very noisy. For example, a pneumatic
drill produces 110 dB.
 Catering and night life - Bars, restaurants and terraces that spill outside can
produce more than 100 dB. This includes noise from pubs and clubs.
 Animals - Noise made by animals can go unnoticed, but a howling or barking
dog, for example, can produce around 60-80 dB.
 Effects
 Sounds that reach 85 decibels or higher can harm a person’s ears. Noise
pollution impacts millions of people on a daily basis. The most common health
problem it causes is Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL).
 Exposure to loud noise can also cause high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep
disturbances, and stress. These health problems can affect all age groups,
especially children. Many children who live near noisy airports or streets have
been found to suffer from stress and other problems, such as impairments in
memory, attention level, and reading skill.
 Noise pollution also impacts the health and well-being of wildlife. Studies have
shown that loud noises cause caterpillars’ hearts to beat faster and bluebirds to
have fewer chicks. Animals use sound for a variety of reasons, including to
navigate, find food, attract mates, and avoid predators. Noise pollution makes it
difficult for them to accomplish these tasks, which affects their ability survive.
 Increasing noise is not only affecting animals on land, it is also a growing problem
for those that live in the ocean. Ships, oil drills, sonar devices, and seismic tests
have made the once tranquil marine environment loud and chaotic. Whales and
dolphins are particularly impacted by noise pollution.
 These marine mammals rely on echolocation to communicate, navigate, feed, and find
mates, and excess noise interferes with their ability to effectively echolocate. Some of
the loudest underwater noise comes from naval sonar devices. Sonar, like echolocation,
works by sending pulses of sound down into the depths of the ocean to bounce off an
object and return an echo to the ship, which indicates a location for object. Sonar sounds
can be as loud as 235 decibels and travel hundreds of miles under water, interfering with
whales’ ability to use echolocation.
 Seismic surveys also produce loud blasts of sound within the ocean. Seismic testing is a
process whereby an image of the subsurface is created. The data obtained is then used
by the oil and gas company to locate the most optimum place to drill for gas Ships
looking for deep-sea oil or gas deposits use devices called air guns and shoot pulses of
sound down to the ocean floor. The sound blasts can damage the ears of marine animals
and cause serious injury. Scientists believe this noise may also be contributing to the
altered behavior of whales. 
Prevention
There are four fundamental ways in which noise can be controlled:
 Reduce noise at the source
 Block the path of noise
 Increase the path length
 Protect the recipient.
 In general, the best control method is to reduce noise levels at the source.
• Source reduction can be done by effectively muffling vehicles and machinery to
reduce the noise. In industries noise reduction can be done by using rigid sealed
enclosures around machinery lined with acoustic absorbing material.
• Noise levels at construction sites can be controlled using proper construction
planning and scheduling techniques. Locating noisy air compressors and other
equipment away from the site boundary along with creation of temporary barriers to
physically block the noise can help contribute to reducing noise pollution.
• Most of the vehicular noise comes from movement of the vehicle
tires on the pavement and wind resistance. However poorly
maintained vehicles can add to the noise levels .
• Proper highway planning and design are essential for controlling
traffic noise. Establishing lower speed limits for highways that pass
through residential areas, limiting traffic volume and providing
alternative routes for truck traffic are effective noise control
measures.
• Highly absorptive interior finish material for walls, ceilings and
floors can decrease indoor noise levels significantly.
• Sound levels drop significantly with increasing distance from the
noise source. Increasing the path length between the source and the
recipient offers a passive means of control.
 Thermal Pollution
Thermal pollution is defined as a sudden increase in temperature of a
natural body of water, which may be ocean, lake, river or pond by human
influence. It is an unnatural change in the ambient temperature of a water
body that deteriorates its quality.
Thermal pollution is when an industry or other human-made organization
takes in water from a natural source and either cools it down or heats it up.
They then eject that water back into the natural resource, which changes the
oxygen levels and can have disastrous effects on local ecosystems and
communities.
Thermal pollution is usually a product of dumping hot water into
cooler water, but cold water in a warm body of water can also cause
problems.
Various industrial processes use water as coolant and discharge hot water
into the natural resource that effects the ecosystem and nearby
communities.
Causes
 Water as a Cooling Agent in Power, Manufacturing and Industrial Plants - When
oxygen levels are altered in the water, due to increased temperature in water bodies, it
can also degrade the quality and longevity of life in wildlife that lives underwater. This
process can also wipe away streamside vegetation, which constantly depends on
constant levels of oxygen and temperature.
 Deforestation - Trees and plants prevent sunlight from falling directly on lakes, ponds
or rivers. When deforestation takes place, these water bodies are directly exposed to
sunlight, thus absorbing more heat and raising its temperature.
 Natural Causes - Natural causes like volcanoes and hot springs under the oceans and
seas can trigger warm lava to raise the temperature of water bodies.
  Domestic sewage - It is often discharged into rivers, lakes, canals or streams without
treating the waste. The temperature of municipal water sewage is normally high than
receiving water.
Effects
 The effects of thermal pollution are diverse, but in short, thermal pollution damages
water ecosystems and reduces animal populations. Plant species, algae, bacteria, and
multi-celled animals all respond differently to significant temperature changes.
Organisms that cannot adapt can die of various causes or can be forced out of the area.
Reproductive problems can further reduce the diversity of life in the polluted area.
 Decrease in DO (Dissolved Oxygen) Levels - The warm temperature reduces the levels
of DO (Dissolved Oxygen) in water.
 Increase in Toxins - With the constant flow of high-temperature discharge from
industries, there is a huge increase in toxins .These toxins may contain chemicals or
radiation that may have a harsh impact on the local ecology and make them susceptible to
various diseases.
 Ecological Impact - A sudden thermal shock can result in mass killings of fish, insects,
plants or amphibians.
  Migration - The warm water can also cause particular species of organisms to migrate to
a suitable environment that would cater to its requirements for survival. This can result in
a loss for those species that depend on them for their daily food as their food chain is
interrupted.
However, thermal pollution can be beneficial to some species. Bacteria and algae tend
to benefit from the excess heat. Some larger animals also benefit from the warmer water. 
 Prevention
 Cooling Ponds -Cooling ponds or reservoirs are the simplest methods of controlling
thermal discharges. They have large surface area that can store water for one or two
days and are easily constructed nearby various industries.
 Cooling Towers - After using water from water sources for cooling purposes, it is
subsequently returned to the water body after passing through the condenser, which is
termed as the cooling process.
 Spray Pond- This system is a reservoir in which warm water (e.g. from a SUGAR
plant) is cooled for reuse. This is done by spraying the warm water into the cooler air
through specially designed nozzles. Some amount of water is evaporated in the air
thereby cooling the water down before it reaches the pond surface.
 Other preventive measures –
 Artificial lakes
 Water recycling
 Following rules.
 Nuclear Pollution
 Any undesirable effect caused to the environment due to radioactive substances or
radiations is called nuclear pollution. Major source is the Nuclear power plants.
 Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity ) is the process by which
an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable
nuclei is considered radioactive.
  In radioactive processes, particles or electromagnetic radiation are emitted from the
nucleus. The most common forms of radiation emitted have been traditionally classified
as alpha (a), beta (b), and gamma (g) radiation. Nuclear radiation occurs in other forms,
including the emission of protons or neutrons or spontaneous fission of a massive
nucleus.
 Since the substances are characterized by radiation – because there is a lot of instability
of the particles present in the radioactive materials, it can seriously affect, alter and even
destroy plant, animal, and human life. The extent of damage or danger posed to the
environment depends upon the radioactive material concentration, the energy emitted by
the radiation, proximity of the radioactive materials to those exposed, and the radiation
type.
 Radioactive contamination or nuclear pollution is the most dangerous for the
environment since the wastes maintain their radioactive properties for thousands of years.
Nuclear waste
 Radioactive waste is a type of hazardous waste that contains radioactive material.
Radioactive waste is a by-product of various nuclear technology processes. Industries
generating radioactive waste include nuclear medicine, nuclear research, nuclear
power, manufacturing, construction, coal and rare-earth mining, and nuclear
weapons reprocessing. Radioactive waste is regulated by government agencies in order
to protect human health and the environment.
 Radiation is really nothing more than the emission of energy waves through space, as
well as through physical objects. Usually these energy waves are electromagnetic
radiation which is classified into Radio waves, Infrared waves, visible light, Ultraviolet
waves, X-ray, Gamma rays and Cosmic rays.
 The radioactive wastes are of three categories- high level, low level and transuranic.
They mainly comprise of the disposal from nuclear weapons, the cleaning materials
from nuclear plants, military installations, emitted from plutonium processing and other
radioisotopes from hospitals and laboratories.
Causes of nuclear pollution
The Use of Nuclear Weapons as Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)- The use of
nuclear missiles and atomic bombs, a form of nuclear energy.
Use of Radioisotopes - Radioisotopes are used to make detectors and in other industrial
activities. Isotopes such as uranium have high concentrations of radiation in them. On the
other hand, common Isotopes such as carbon-containing radioactive material are easily
found in waterways through sewage lines.
Mining - Mining mostly involves the excavation of the mineral ores, which are then broken
into smaller, manageable pieces. Radium and Uranium, for instance, are naturally occurring
in the environment and are equally radioactive.
 Nuclear Accidents From Nuclear Energy Generation Plants - There have been instances
of spillages over oceans when ships hit glaciers and end up releasing chemicals on
waterways and in the atmosphere.
Cosmic Rays and Other Natural Sources - These come from the outer space to our planet
with intense radiation as their nature, therefore, causing radioactive pollution. Gamma rays,
for example, are said to have the highest level of radiation and yet, depending on their
intensity, some are not visible to the human eye
 Nuclear Waste Handling and Disposal - The handling and disposal of nuclear waste may
generate low to medium radiation over a long period of time. Their effects are not only hard
to predict but may not be easily distinguishable as the radioactivity may contaminate and
propagate through air, water, and soil as well. Moreover, identifying locations of some
 Effects of nuclear pollution


Genetic Mutations- Radiation has adverse effects when it comes to genetics. It

 

leads to damage to DNA strands leading to the genetic break up over time. In the
event that a human or an animal is exposed to too much radiation from the
atmosphere, the food consumed, and even water used then, the chances are that
their bodies have already absorbed the radiation. Once in the body, it remains active
because energy cannot be destroyed.
Diseases - Cancer is the most dominant radiation-related disease. Others include
leukemia, anemia, hemorrhage, a reduction in the life span leading to premature
aging and premature deaths as well as others such as cardiovascular complications.
Soil Infertility - Radioactive substances in the soil react together with the various
nutrients leading to the destruction of those nutrients, thus rendering the soil
infertile and highly toxic.
Cell Destruction - Radiation distorts the cells present, leading to permanent
damage of the various organs and organ systems. 
Effects on Wildlife - These radionuclides enter their metabolic cycles and affect
their DNAs (ionizing). This ends up having a mutated animal generation with a
higher risk of health issues by just a small amount of radionuclides.
Effects on Marine life - The power plants, which are the sources of nuclear energy
Prevention
 Reusing/ Recycled -  it is not easy to store or dispose the waste, it can be recycled
and used for other purposes like in another reactor as fuel thereby protecting the
environment.
 Proper Method of Disposing of Radioactive Waste - It cannot be disposed of in the
same way as normal waste. It cannot be destroyed or buried. Since there is a
likelihood of seepage, this waste should be stored in heavy and thick concrete
containers.
 Banning of Nuclear Tests – Energy end up escaping from one ecosystem to another,
eventually affecting the lives of many people.
 Alternative Energy Sources - it is high time for its use to be discontinued and for
the world to perhaps focus on alternative and environmentally friendly energy
sources like renewable sources of energy namely solar, hydro-electric and wind
power.
 Proper Storage- It is mandatory for containers carrying radioactive material to be
stored properly.