07 - Redox Reactions

2021-23 Curriculum
AS/A2 - Chemistry
07 - Redox Reactions
01 – Learning Outcomes
2 – Electron
1 - Reactions 3 - Oxidation 4 – Redox Number 5 - Compounds 6 - Formulas 7 - Balancing 8 - Questions
transfer
You should be able to:

 calculate oxidation numbers of elements
in compounds and ions
 describe and explain redox processes in
terms of
 electron transfer and changes in
oxidation number
 use changes in oxidation numbers to
help balance
 chemical equations.
01 – Learning Outcomes
2 – Electron
transfer
Introduction
Some types of reactions can cost a lot of money due to the
damage they cause. Rusting is an oxidation reaction that
destroys about 20% of iron and steel every year. Rust is
hydrated iron(III) oxide. This forms when iron reacts with
oxygen in the presence of water.
Another costly example of oxidation is the
reaction between hydrogen and oxygen that
is used to propel some types of rockets into
space. In this reaction, the hydrogen is
oxidised – but the oxygen is also reduced. In
fact, oxidation and reduction always take place
together, in what we call redox reactions.
Figure 7.1 A redox reaction is taking

place when the fuel in the Space Shuttle’s rockets burns.
01 – What is a redox reaction?
2 – Electron
transfer
What is a redox reaction?

► A simple definition of oxidation is gain of oxygen by
an element. For example, when magnesium reacts
with oxygen, the magnesium combines with oxygen
to form magnesium oxide. Magnesium has been
oxidised.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
► A simple definition of reduction is loss of oxygen.
When copper(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen, this is
the equation for the reaction:
CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)
► Copper(II) oxide loses its oxygen. Copper(II) oxide
has been reduced.
2 – Electron
transfer

► But if we look carefully at the copper oxide/ hydrogen
equation, we can see that oxidation is also taking place.
► The hydrogen is gaining oxygen to form water. The
hydrogen has been oxidised. We can see that reduction
and oxidation have taken place together.
► Oxidation and reduction always take place together. We
call the reactions in which this happens redox
reactions. Redox reactions are very important. E.g.,
one redox reaction – photosynthesis – provides food for
the entire planet, and another
one – respiration – keeps you
alive. both are redox reactions.
2 – Electron
transfer

► We can also define reduction as addition of hydrogen to
a compound and oxidation as removal of hydrogen from
a compound. This is often seen in the reaction of
organic compounds (see page 237).
► There are two other ways of finding out whether or not a
substance has been oxidised or reduced during a
chemical reaction:
 changes in oxidation number.
 electron transfer
2 – Electron
transfer
Questions
1. a. In each of the following equations,
state which reactant has been oxidised:
i. PbO + H2 → Pb + H2O
ii. CO + Ag2O → 2Ag + CO2
iii. 2Mg + CO2 → 2MgO + C
b. In each of the following equations, state
which reactant has been reduced:
i. 5CO + I2O2 → 5CO2 + I2
ii. 2H2S + SO2 → 3S + 2H2O
iii. CH ==CH + H → CH CH
02 – Redox and Electron Transfer
2 – Electron
transfer
Redox and electron transfer - Half-equations

► We can extend our definition of redox to include
reactions involving ions.
Oxidation Is Loss of electrons.
Reduction Is Gain of electrons.
The initial letters shown in bold spell OIL RIG. This may help
you to remember these two definitions!
► Sodium reacts with chlorine to form the ionic compound
sodium chloride.
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
► We can divide this reaction into two separate
equations, one showing oxidation and the other
showing reduction. We call these half-equations.
2 – Electron
transfer

 Each sodium atom loses one electron from
its outer shell. Oxidation is loss of electrons
(OIL). The sodium atoms have been
oxidised.
Na → Na+ + e–
 This half-equation shows that sodium is
oxidised. It is also acceptable to write this
half-equation as:
Na – e– → Na+
2 – Electron
transfer

 Each chlorine atom gains one electron to complete
its outer shell. Reduction is gain of electrons
(RIG). The chlorine atoms have been reduced.
Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl–
 This is a half-equation showing chlorine being
reduced. There are two chlorine atoms in a
chlorine molecule, so two electrons are gained.
 In another example iron reacts with copper(II)
ions, Cu2+, in solution to form iron(II) ions, Fe2+,
and copper.
Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
2 – Electron
transfer

 Each iron atom loses two electrons to form
an Fe2+ ion. The iron atoms have been
oxidised.
Fe → Fe2+ + 2e–
 It is also acceptable to write this half-
equation as:
Fe – 2e– →Fe2+
 Each copper(II) ion gains two electrons. The
copper ions have been reduced.
Cu2+ + 2e– →Cu
2 – Electron
transfer
Balancing half-equations
► We can construct a balanced ionic equation
from two half-equations by balancing the
numbers of electrons lost and gained and then
adding the two half-equations together.
► The numbers of electrons lost and gained in a
redox reaction must be equal.
2 – Electron
transfer
WORKED EXAMPLES
1. Construct the balanced ionic equation for the reaction
between nickel and iron(III) ions, Fe3+, from the half-
equations:
Ni(s) → Ni2+(aq) + 2e–
Fe3+(aq) + e– →Fe2+(aq)
 Each Ni atom loses two electrons when it is oxidised.
Each Fe3+ ion gains one electron when it is reduced.
 So two Fe3+ ions are needed to gain the two electrons
lost when each Ni2+ ion is formed
2Fe3+(aq) + 2e– → 2Fe2+(aq)
Ni(s) → Ni2+(aq) + 2e–
 The balanced ionic equation is:
Ni(s) + 2Fe3+(aq) → Ni2+(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq)
note how the electrons have cancelled out.
2 – Electron
transfer
WORKED EXAMPLES
2. Construct the balanced ionic equation for the reaction of iodide
ions (I–) with manganate(VII) ions (MnO4–) in the presence of
hydrogen ions (H+). Use the following two half-equations to
help you:
i. 2I–(aq) → I2(aq) + 2e–
ii. MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e–→ Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
• When two iodide ions are oxidised, they lose two electrons.
Each MnO4– ion gains five electrons when it is reduced.
• So we must multiply equation i by 5 and equation ii by 2 to
balance the number of electrons:
10I–(aq) → 5I2(aq) + 10e–
2MnO4–(aq) + 16H+(aq) + 10e– →2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)
• The balanced ionic equation is:
2MnO4–(aq) + 10I–(aq) + 16H+(aq)
2 – Electron
transfer
Questions
2. a. Write two half-equations for the following
reactions. For each half-equation state whether
oxidation or reduction is occurring.
i. Cl2 + 2I– → I2 + 2Cl–
ii. 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
iii. 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
b. Zinc metal reacts with IO3– ions in acidic
solution. Construct a balanced ionic equation
for this reaction, using the two half-equations
below:
2IO3– + 12H+ + 10e– → I2 + 6H2O
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e–
03 – Oxidation Numbers
2 – Electron
transfer
What are oxidation numbers?

► We can extend our definition of redox even further to
include oxidation and reduction in reactions involving
covalent compounds. We do this by using oxidation
numbers (oxidation numbers are also called oxidation
states).
► An oxidation number is a number given to each atom or
ion in a compound that shows us its degree of oxidation.
► Oxidation numbers can be positive, negative or zero. The
+ or – sign must always be included. Higher positive
oxidation numbers mean that an atom or ion is more
oxidised. Higher negative oxidation numbers mean that
an atom or ion is
more reduced.
2 – Electron
transfer
Oxidation number rules

► We can deduce the oxidation number of any atom
or ion by using oxidation number rules. It is
important to note that an oxidation number refers to
a single atom in a compound.
1. The oxidation number of any uncombined element
is zero. For example, the oxidation number of each
atom in S8, Cl2 and Zn is zero.
Calculating
Numbers
2 – Electron
transfer
Oxidation number rules

2. In compounds many atoms or ions have fixed
oxidation numbers
– Group 1 elements are always +1
– Group 2 elements are always +2
– fluorine is always –1
– hydrogen is +1 (except in metal hydrides such
as NaH, where it is –1)
– oxygen is –2 (except in peroxides, where it is
-1, and in F2O, where it is +2).
3. The oxidation number of an element in a
monatomic ion is always the same as the charge.
For example, Cl– is –1, Al3+ is +3.
2 – Electron
transfer
Applying the oxidation number rules

► In the following
examples we shall
use ‘ox. no.’ as an
abbreviation for
oxidation number.
Calculating Numbers
Figure 7.2 This is part of a ship’s hull. It is made of iron
protected by bars of magnesium metal. The magnesium
atoms (oxidation number = 0) are oxidised to Mg2+ ions
(oxidation number = +2) in preference to iron atoms changing
to Fe3+. This is called sacrificial protection.
2 – Electron
transfer
Compounds of a metal with a non-metal

► The metal always has the positive ox. no. and the
nonmetal has the negative ox. no. For example in
sodium oxide, Na2O, Na = +1 and O = –2.
► If we do not know the ox. no. of one of the atoms,
we can often work it out using the invariable ox.
nos. in rule 2.
► For example in sodium sulfide:
 ox. no. of each Na atom = +1
 for two sodium atoms = +2
 Na2S has no overall charge, so the total ox. no.
is zero (rule 4)
 ox. no. of S = –2.
2 – Electron
transfer
Compounds of a non-metal with a non-metal

► In compounds containing two different non-metals,
the sign of the ox. no. depends on the
electronegativity of each atom (see page 157).
► The most electronegative element is given the
negative sign (rule 6).
► Sulfur dioxide, SO2
 ox. no. of each O atom = –2
 for two oxygen atoms = 2 × (–2) = –4
 SO2 has no charge, so the total
ox. no. is zero (rule 4)
 ox. no. of S = +4
2 – Electron
transfer

► Iodine trichloride, ICl3
 chlorine is more electronegative than
iodine, so chlorine is – and iodine is +
 ox. no. of each Cl atom = –1
 for three chlorine atoms = 3 × (–1) = –3
 ICl3 has no charge,
so the total ox. no.

is zero (rule 4)
 ox. no. of I = +3
2 – Electron
transfer

► Hydrazine, N2H4
 nitrogen is more electronegative than
hydrogen, so nitrogen is – and hydrogen is +
 ox. no. of each H atom = +1 (rule 2)
 for four hydrogen atoms = 4 × (+1) = +4
 N2H4 has no charge, so the total ox. no. is
zero (rule 4)
 ox. no. of two N atoms = –4
 ox. no. of each N atom = –2
2 – Electron
transfer
Compound ions
► Compound ions are ions with two or more different
atoms. Examples are the sulfate ion, SO42–, and the
nitrate ion, NO3–. We use rule 5 to work out
the ox. no. that we do not know.
► Nitrate ion, NO3–
 ox. no. of each O atom = –2
 for three oxygen atoms = 3 × (–2) = –6
 NO3– has a charge of 1–, so the total ox. no. of N
and O atoms is –1 (rule 5)

 ox. no. of the nitrogen atom plus ox. no. of the
three oxygen atoms (–6) = –1
 ox. no. of N = +5
2 – Electron
transfer
Questions
3. State the ox. no. of the bold atoms in
these compounds or ions:
a. P2O5
b. SO4
c. H2S2–
d. Al2Cl6
e. NH3
f. ClO2–
04 – Redox and Oxidation Number
2 – Electron
transfer
Redox and oxidation number

► We can define oxidation and reduction in
terms of the oxidation number changes of
particular atoms during a reaction.
Oxidation is an increase of oxidation number.
Reduction is a decrease in oxidation number.
► For example, when tin reacts with nitric
acid, the oxidation numbers of each atom
of tin and nitrogen change as shown next.
2 – Electron
transfer
Figure 7.3 Copper reacts

with silver nitrate to form
silver and copper(II) nitrate.
The ox. no. of each copper
atom has increased by two.
The ox. no. of each silver
ion decreases by one.
2 – Electron
transfer

► Each tin atom (Sn) has increased in ox. no. by +4: tin
has been oxidised. Each nitrogen atom has decreased
in ox. no. by –1: nitrogen has been reduced.
► The ox. no. of each oxygen atom is unchanged at –2.
The ox. no. of each hydrogen atom is unchanged at +1.
Oxygen and hydrogen are neither oxidised nor reduced.
► In this reaction nitric acid is acting as an oxidising
agent:
 oxidising agents increase the ox. no. of another
atom
 an atom in the oxidising agent decreases in ox. no.
 the oxidising agent is the substance which gets
reduced – it gains electrons.
2 – Electron
transfer

► In this reaction tin is acting as a reducing agent:
 reducing agents decrease the ox. no. of another
atom
 an atom in the reducing agent increases in ox. no.
 the reducing agent is the substance that gets
oxidised – it loses electrons.
2 – Electron
transfer
Questions
4. a. Deduce the change in ox. no. for the bold
atoms or ions in each of the following
equations. In each case, state whether
oxidation or reduction has taken place.
i. 2I– + Br2 → I2 + 2Br–
ii. (NH4)2Cr2O7 → N2 + 4H2O + Cr2O3
iii. As2O3 + 2I2 + 2H2O → As2O5 + 2H+ + 4I–
iv. 2KMnO4 + 16HCl
→ 2MnCl2 + 2KCl + 5Cl2 + 8H2O
b. Identify the reducing agent in each of the
equations above.
05 – Naming Compounds
2 – Electron
transfer
Naming compounds
► We sometimes use Roman numbers, in brackets, to
name compounds. We use these systematic names to
distinguish different compounds made of the same
elements. E.g., there are two types of iron chloride. We
show the difference by naming them iron(II) chloride
and iron(III) chloride. The numbers in brackets are the
oxidation numbers of the iron.
 In iron(II) chloride, the ox. no. of the iron is +2. The
compound contains Fe2+ ions. The formula is FeCl2.
 In iron(III) chloride, the ox. no. of the iron is +3. The
compound contains Fe3+ ions. The formula is FeCl3.
► We can also use oxidation numbers to distinguish
between non-metal atoms in molecules and ions.
2 – Electron
transfer
Naming compounds - Oxides of nitrogen

► There are several oxides of nitrogen, including N 2O,
NO and NO2. We distinguish between these according

to the ox. no. of the nitrogen atom. (The ox. no. of
oxygen is generally –2.)
 The ox. no. of N in N2O is +1. So this compound is
nitrogen(I) oxide.
 The ox. no. of N in NO is +2. So this compound is
nitrogen(II) oxide.
 The ox. no. of N in NO2 is +4. So this compound is
nitrogen(IV)
oxide.
2 – Electron
transfer
Naming compounds - Nitrate ions

► Sodium, nitrogen and oxygen can form two different
compounds Na+NO2– and Na+NO3– (Figure 7.4). The ox.
no. of sodium is +1 and the ox. no. of oxygen is –2. So it is
the ox. no. of nitrogen that varies.
 The ox. no. of N in the NO2– ion
is +3. So NaNO2 is sodium

nitrate(III).
 The ox. no. of N in the NO3– ion
is +5. So NaNO3 is sodium

nitrate(V).
Figure 7.4 a One formula unit of
‘sodium nitrate(III)’ and b one formula
unit of ‘sodium nitrate(V)’
2 – Electron
transfer

► Note that the ox. no. comes after the ion it refers to.
► Ions containing oxygen and one other element have the
ending -ate (but hydroxide ions,
OH–, are an exception to this rule).
► For example, ions containing
chlorine and oxygen are chlorates
and ions containing sulfur and
oxygen are sulfates.
Figure 7.4 a One formula unit of

‘sodium nitrate(III)’ and b one formula
unit of ‘sodium nitrate(V)’
2 – Electron
transfer

► The names of inorganic acids containing oxygen end in –
ic. The Roman number goes directly after the ion that
contains the oxygen and another element.
 H3PO3 is phosphoric(III) acid because the ox. no. of
phosphorus is +3.
 HClO4 is chloric(VII) acid because the ox. no. of
chlorine is +7.
► Salts of the common acids are usually named without
including the ox. no. of the non-metal ion. E.g., Mg(NO3)2
is magnesium nitrate not magnesium nitrate(V) and
K2SO4 is potassium sulfate not potassium sulfate(VI).
► Note also that we do not state the ox. no. of the metal if it
has only one oxidation state.
2 – Electron
transfer
Questions
5. Give the full systematic

names of the following:
a. Na2SO3 e.
FeSO4
b. Na2SO4 f.
Cu2O
06 – From Name to Formula
2 – Electron
transfer
From name to formula

► You can work out the formula of a compound from
its name.
WORKED EXAMPLE
3. Each formula unit of sodium chlorate(V) contains one
sodium ion. What is the formula of sodium
chlorate(V)?
We know that:
 sodium has an ox. no. of +1
 oxygen has an ox. no. of –2
 the ox. no. of chlorine is +5
 the chlorate(V) ion has a charge of 1– (to balance
the 1+ charge of the sodium).
06 – From Name to Formula
2 – Electron
transfer
WORKED EXAMPLE
3. We can work out the formula of the chlorate(V) ion
from the oxidation numbers of oxygen and chlorine (let
n be the number of oxygen atoms):
ox. no.(Cl) + ox. no.(O) = –1
+5 n x (–2) = –1
n=3
So the chlorate(V) ion is ClO3– and sodium chlorate(V)
is NaClO3.
Questions
6. Give the formulae of:
a. sodium chlorate(I) c. iron(III) oxide
b. potassium nitrate(III) d. phosphorus(III)
07 – Balancing chemical equations using oxidation numbers
2 – Electron
transfer
Balancing chemical equations using oxidation numbers

► We can use oxidation numbers to balance equations
involving redox reactions. This method is especially
useful where compound ions such as nitrate(V) or
manganate(VII) are involved.
WORKED EXAMPLE
4. Copper(II) oxide (CuO) reacts with ammonia (NH3)
to form copper, nitrogen (N2) and water.
Step 1 Write the unbalanced equation and identify
the atoms which change in ox. no. (shown
here in red).
CuO + NH3 → Cu + N2 + H2O
+2 –2 –3 +1 0 0 +1 –2
2 – Electron
transfer
WORKED EXAMPLE
Step 2 Deduce the ox.
no. changes.
Step 3 Balance the ox.

no. changes
2 – Electron
transfer
WORKED EXAMPLE
Step 3 The change in ox. nos. are –2 for the
copper and +3 for the nitrogen. To
balance the ox. no. changes, we need to
multiply the copper by 3 and the nitrogen
in the ammonia by 2. The total ox. no.
changes are then balanced (–6 and +6).
Note that we do not multiply the N2 by 2
because there are already two atoms of
nitrogen present. Once these ratios have
been fixed you must not change them.
2 – Electron
transfer
WORKED EXAMPLE
Step 4 Balance the atoms.
There are six hydrogen atoms in the
2NH3 on the left. These are
balanced with six on the right
(as 3H2O). This also balances
the number of oxygen atoms.
The final equation is
3CuO + 2NH → 3Cu + N + 3H O
2 – Electron
transfer
WORKED EXAMPLE
5. Manganate(VII) ions (MnO4–) react with Fe2+ ions in
the presence of acid (H+) to form Mn2+ ions, Fe3+ ions
and water.
Step 1 Write the unbalanced equation and identify the
atoms that change in ox. no.
MnO4– + Fe2+ + H+ → Mn2+ + Fe3+ + H2O
+7 –2 +2 +1 +2 +3 +1 –
2
Step 2 Deduce the
ox. no. changes.
2 – Electron
transfer
WORKED EXAMPLE
5.
Step 3 Balance the ox. no. changes.
2 – Electron
transfer
WORKED EXAMPLE
Step 4 Balance the charges.
Initially ignore the hydrogen ions, as these will
be used to balance the charges.
 The total charge on the other reactants is:
(1–)(from MnO4–) + (5 x 2+)(from 5Fe2+)
= 9+
 The total charge on the products is:
(2+)(from Mn2+) + (5 x 3+)(from 5Fe3+) =
17+
 To balance the charges we need 8 H+ ions on
the left.
MnO4– + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ +
08 – Summary 2 – Electron
transfer
 Redox reactions can be explained in terms

of:
– increase in oxidation number (oxidation
state), which is oxidation
– decrease in oxidation number, which is
reduction.
 Oxidation numbers can be used to balance
equations.
 Redox reactions can be explained in terms
of electron loss (oxidation) or electron gain
(reduction).
08 – End of Chapter Questions
2 – Electron
transfer
1. In the industrial production of nitric acid the following changes

take place to the nitrogen.
?
stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4
N2 → NH3 → NO → NO2 → HNO3
a. Give the oxidation number of the nitrogen atom in each
molecule.
[5]
b. For each stage, state whether oxidation or reduction has
taken place. In each case explain your answer.
[2]
c. Give the full systematic name for NO2.
[1]
d. Nitric acid, HNO3, reacts with red phosphorus.
2 – Electron
transfer
2. Calcium reacts with cold water to form

calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, and hydrogen, ?
H2.
a. State the oxidation number of calcium
in:
i. calcium metal
[1]
ii. calcium hydroxide.
[1]
2 – Electron
transfer
?
c. Write two half-equations for the reaction
between water and calcium hydroxide to show:
i. the change from calcium to calcium ions
[1]
ii. the change from water to hydroxide ions and
hydrogen.
[1]
d. In which one of the half-equations in part c is a
reduction occurring? Give a reason for your
answer.
2 – Electron
transfer
?
3. The unbalanced equation for the reaction of sulfur
dioxide with bromine is shown below.
SO2 + Br2 + H2O → SO42– + Br– + H+
a. State the oxidation number of sulfur in:
i. SO2 [1] ii. SO42–
[1]
b. State the oxidation number of bromine in:
i. Br2 [1] ii. Br–
[1]
c. Identify the reducing agent in this reaction. Give a
reason for your answer.
[1]
d. State the change in oxidation number for:
2 – Electron
transfer
?
4. Aluminium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form
aluminium chloride, AlCl3, and hydrogen. This is a
redox reaction.
a. Explain in term of electrons, what is meant by a redox
reaction.
[3]
b. i. Write a half-equation to show aluminium
changing to aluminium ions.
[1]
ii. Write a second half-equation to show what
happens to the hydrogen ions from the acid.
[1]
iii. What is the change in oxidation number when a
2 – Electron
transfer
5. Iodine, I2, reacts with thiosulfate ions, S2O32–

to form iodide ions, I–, and tetrathionate ions,
S4O62–.
I2 + 2S2O32– → 2I– + S4O62– ?
a. State the oxidation number of each sulfur
atom in:
i. a S2O32– ion
[1]
ii. a S4O62– ion.
2 – Electron
transfer
?
c. When a salt containing iodide ions is warmed with
concentrated sulfuric acid and MnO2, iodine is evolved.
2I– + MnO2 + 6H+ + 2SO42–
→ I2 + Mn2+ + 2HSO4– + 2H2O
i. State the systematic name for MnO2.
[1]
ii. What is the oxidation number of S in the SO 42– ion?
[1]
iii. Which reactant gets oxidised in this reaction?
Explain your answer by using oxidation numbers.
2 – Electron
transfer
6. The compound KBrO3 decomposes when

heated.
2KBrO3 → 2KBr + 3O2 ?
a. State the oxidation numbers of bromine
in:
i. KBrO3
[1]
ii. KBr.
[1]
2 – Electron
transfer
?
d. When KBrO3 reacts with hydrazine, N2H4,
nitrogen gas is evolved.
2KBrO3 + 3N2H4 → 2KBr + 3N2 + 6H2O
i. What is the oxidation number change of the
bromine atom when KBrO3 is converted to
KBr?
[1]
ii. What is the oxidation number change for each
nitrogen atom when N2H4 is converted to N2?
[2]

07 - Redox Reactions

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2021-23 Curriculum

You should be able to:

Figure 7.1 A redox reaction is taking

What is a redox reaction?

What is a redox reaction?

What is a redox reaction?

Redox and electron transfer - Half-equations

Redox and electron transfer - Half-equations

Redox and electron transfer - Half-equations

Redox and electron transfer - Half-equations

What are oxidation numbers?

Oxidation number rules

Oxidation number rules

Applying the oxidation number rules

Compounds of a metal with a non-metal

Compounds of a non-metal with a non-metal

Compounds of a non-metal with a non-metal

so the total ox. no.

Compounds of a non-metal with a non-metal

and O atoms is –1 (rule 5)

Redox and oxidation number

Figure 7.3 Copper reacts

Redox and oxidation number

Redox and oxidation number

Naming compounds - Oxides of nitrogen

NO and NO2. We distinguish between these according

Naming compounds - Nitrate ions

is +3. So NaNO2 is sodium

is +5. So NaNO3 is sodium

Naming compounds - Nitrate ions

Figure 7.4 a One formula unit of

Naming compounds - Nitrate ions

5. Give the full systematic

From name to formula

Balancing chemical equations using oxidation numbers

Step 3 Balance the ox.

 Redox reactions can be explained in terms

1. In the industrial production of nitric acid the following changes

2. Calcium reacts with cold water to form

5. Iodine, I2, reacts with thiosulfate ions, S2O32–

6. The compound KBrO3 decomposes when

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