Lecture 08: Conditional

Statements
 Objectives

• Basic programming constructs

• Sequence
• Selection statements
• 'if' statements
• Conditional/ternary/?: operator
• Switch statement

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 Basic Programming Constructs

• Basic programming constructs are

– Sequence, selection, and iteration (looping)
• Sequence construct
– Instructions are executed in the same order as they appear
• Selection structure
– Control flow can be changed by evaluating conditions
• Iterative structure
– A group of instructions is executed repeatedly
– Until some condition is satisfied

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 Statements in C

• Simple statement (expression statement)

– It is terminated by a semicolon (;)
– E.g., int a = 8;
• Compound statements/blocks
– Used to group statements into a single executable unit
– Includes of one or more statements enclosed within {}
– E.g.
{
int a = 10;
int b = 11;
int r = a+b;
}

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 Sequence

• A program, which consists int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

// declare a variable of type string
of char s[10]; // s cannot have more than 10 characters
// ask user to enter a name
– Declaration statements printf("Enter a name: ");
// use gets to get a string from console
– Input-output statements gets(s);
– One or more simple // print result:
printf("Here is a name: \n");
expression statements puts(s);
return 0;
}

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 Selection/Conditional Statements

• Used to alter normal flow of control

• Provides ability to decide order of execution
• Selection constructs in C are
– “if” statement
– Conditional/Ternary operator statement (? : )
– “switch” statement

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 “if” Statement

• Allows us to establish decision-making in the programs

• Allow programs to test certain condition and make
decision about which code block to be executed
• The if statement has two basic forms
– if-else
– if-else if

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 Simple if-else

false true
if (condition){
//one or more statements;
}

false true
if (condition){
//one or more statements;
}else {
//one or more statements;
}

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 Example simple if example

void main()
{
int x;
printf(“Please input x: ");
scanf(“%d”, &x);
if(x > 10){
printf(”x is greater than 10");
} else {
printf(”x is smaller than or equal to 10");
}
}

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 Activity: Find maximum

• Create a program to
– Ask user to input two integers
– Find and display the larger one

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 if-else if ladder

• The condition is evaluated sequentially

– From the top of the ladder and moving downwards

if (condition){
//one or more statements;
}else if (condition) {
//one or more statements;
…
}else {
//one or more statements;
}

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 Example if-else if ladder

void main()
{
int x;
printf(“Enter your choice (1 - 3) : “);
scanf(“%d”, &x);
if (x == 1)
printf (“\nYour choice is one”);
else if ( x == 2)
printf (“\nYour choice is two”);
else if ( x == 3)
printf (“\nYour choice is three”);
else
printf (“\nInvalid choice“);
}

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 Activity: if-else if ladder

• Make a program to find grade classification

– Ask user to input a grade (ranging from 0 to 100)
– If that grade is < 40 -> Fail
– If that grade is >= 40 and < 50 -> 3rd class
– If that grade is >= 50 and < 60 -> 2nd class 2nd division
– If that grade is >= 60 and < 70 -> 2nd class 1st division
– If that grade is >= 70 -> first class
– And display corresponding message

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 Conditional/Ternary/? : Operator

• This operator takes 3 expressions/operands

• It is more efficient form for expressing simple if statement
• General form
– [variable = ] expr1 ? Expr2 : expr3
• This simply states
– if(expr1 is true) then expr2 else expr3
• Where
– expr2 is evaluated, if the value of expr1 is non-zero (true)
– expr3 is evaluated, if the value of expr1 is zero (false)

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 Example ternary operator

void main()
{
int x;
printf(“Enter a number from 1 to 10: “);
scanf(“%d”, &x);
int result = (x >= 1 && x <= 10)? 1 : 0;
if(result){
printf(“Valid input“);
}else{
printf(“Invalid input“);
}
}

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 Activity

• Make a program to
– Ask user to input two integers
– Find the larger one using Ternary operator

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 Switch Statements

• Can be used in place of if-else-if statements

• Used in situations where the expression being evaluated
results in multiple values.

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 General form of Switch statement

switch(expression){
case item1:
//one or more statements;
break;
case item2:
//one or more statements;
break;
case itemn:
//one or more statements;
break;
default:
//one or more statements;
break;
}

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 Example switch statement

void main(){
int x;
printf(“Enter a number from 0 to 3: “);
scanf(“%d”, &x);
switch(expression){
case 0:
printf(“The fan is off“);
break;
case 1:
printf(“The fan is running with speed one“);
break;
case 2:
printf(“The fan is running with speed two“);
break;
case 3:
printf(“The fan is running with speed three“);
break;
default:
printf(“Invalid input“);
break;
}
}
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 Activity: Arithmetic operators

• Make a program to
– Ask user to input two numbers
– Ask user to input one of these arithmetic operators represented
by character (‘+’, ‘-’, ‘*’, ‘/’)
– Display “invalid operator” if user inputs the wrong character
– Else, display the corresponding result

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 Activity: vowels

• Make a program to
– Ask user to input a character
– Display an error message if user inputs a non alphabet
character (check with ASCII e.g., ‘a’ < c <‘z’ for lower case
characters)
– If the character is alphabet, check if it is a vowel (‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘o’,
‘u’) or a consonant
– Display the result

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 Summaries

• Basic programming constructs

• Sequence
• Selection statements
• 'if' statements
• Conditional/ternary/?: operator
• Switch statement

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