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Chapter 6 Synthesis: Making Information Decision: Sumilang, Juan MARCO Bautistsa, Kenneth D. Reyes, Rovie Boy

This document discusses moral deliberation and decision making. It summarizes Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development which focus on pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels of reasoning. It also discusses the role of feelings in moral deliberation and different types of moral problems. Finally, it examines how ethical theories like utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, and natural law relate to considerations of the individual, society, and environment.

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Kenneth Bautista
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76 views

Chapter 6 Synthesis: Making Information Decision: Sumilang, Juan MARCO Bautistsa, Kenneth D. Reyes, Rovie Boy

This document discusses moral deliberation and decision making. It summarizes Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development which focus on pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels of reasoning. It also discusses the role of feelings in moral deliberation and different types of moral problems. Finally, it examines how ethical theories like utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, and natural law relate to considerations of the individual, society, and environment.

Uploaded by

Kenneth Bautista
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 6 SYNTHESIS:

MAKING INFORMATION
DECISION
Sumilang, Juan MARCO
Bautistsa, Kenneth D.
Reyes , Rovie Boy
WHAT IS MORAL DELIBERATION?
Moral Deliberation

American moral psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg ( 1927-1987)


theorized that moral development happens in six stages which he
divided into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-
conventional.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG STAGES OF MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
Pre- Conventional Conventional Post- Conventional
STAGE 1. Punishment/obedience Stage 3. Social Approval Stage 5. Social contact
One is motivated by fear of One is motivated by what others Laws that are wrong can be changed.
punishment. He will act in order to expect in behavior. The individual One will act based on social justice and
avoid punishment. assumes that will benefits her best is the common good.
when the other members of her group
approve of her/his action.
Stage 2. Mutual benefit Stage 6. Universal principles
One is motivated to act by the benefits Stage 4. Law and order This is the associated with the
that one may obtain later. development of one’s conscience.
One is motivated to act in order to Having set of standards that drives one
uphold law and order. The person will to process moral responsibility to make
follow the law because it is a law social changes regardless of
consequences to oneself.
FEELINGS IN MORAL DELIBERATION
• Emotions or feelings have long been derided by purely rationalistic perspective as having no place in properly executed
moral decision
• A moral realistic attitude toward decision-making is to appreciate the indispensable role emotions have on an agents of
choosing
• Aristotle precisely points out that moral virtue goes beyond the mere facts on intellectually identifying the right thing to do
The responsible moral agent then a supposedly
“dispassionate” moral decision maker is unrealistic ideal
The morally developed or matured individual or agent therefore must have honed her intellectual capacity to determine the
relevant elements in moral situation,
Including the moral principles to determine the relevant elements in a moral situation including the moral principles to
explore.

The moral agent realize that is both a product of many forces elements and events, all of which shape situation and options for
a decision.
MORAL PROBLEMS
Types of moral problems
• Take a potential issue is to determine our level of involvement in the case at hand
• Make sure of the facts
• Identify all the people who may potentially be affected by the implications of a moral implications or by
our concrete choice of action.
After establishing the facts and identifying the stakeholders and their concerns in the matter, we mist now
identify the ethical issue at hand these are several types of ethical problem or issues.
A The first is one is a situation in which we need to clarify whether a certain action is morally right and
morally wrong.
B The second types involve determining whether a particular action in question can be identified with a
generally accepted ethical or unethical action
C the third type points to the presence of an ethical dilemma dilemma are ethical situations in which there
are competing values that seem to have equal worth
• The final step, of course is for individual to make her ethical conclusion or decision whether
in judging what cough to be done in a given case on in coming up with a concrete action she
must actually perform
• Real ethical decisions are often very difficult enough to make and for so many different
reasons.
• The moral agent must be able to learn how to avoid the seduction of surrending to blind
simplification.
• A moral individual is always being whose intellectual remains finite and whose passions
remain dynamic and who is always places in situation that are unique.
THE VALUE OF STUDYING ETHICAL THEORIES AND
FRAMEWORKS

• What the responsible moral


• The ethical theories or individual must instead
frameworks may serve as perform is to continuously
guidepost, given that they test the cogency and
are the • best
. attempts to coherence of the ethical
understand morality that the theory or framework in
history of human thought has question against the
to offer. complexity of the concrete
experience at hand.
Individual or
Self

SELF, SOCIETY Social Life: In


AND the Philippine
Context and in
ENVIRONMENT the Global
Village
The Non-
Human
Environment
INDIVIDUAL/SELF
• Thomas Aquinas’s natural law theory states as its first natural inclination the innate
tendency that all human beings with all other existing things, namely, the natural
propensity to maintain oneself in one’s existence.
• Kant’s deontology celebrates the rational faculty of the moral agents, which sets it
above merely sentient beings.
• Aristotle’s virtue ethics teaches one to cultivates his/her own intellect as well as
his/her character to achieve eudaimonia in his lifetime.
SOCIAL LIFE: IN THE PHILIPPINE
CONTEXT AND THE GLOBAL VILLAGE
• One ‘s membership in any society brings forth the demands of communal life in
terms of the group’s rule and regulations. The ethical question arises when the
expectation of a particular society come into conflict with one’s most foundation
values.
• Mill’s utilitarian doctrine will always push for the greatest happiness principle as the
prime determinant of what can be considered as good action, whether in the
personal sphere or in the societal realm. Thus Filipinos cannot simply assume that
their action is good because their culture says so.
SOCIAL LIFE: IN THE PHILIPPINE
CONTEXT AND THE GLOBAL VILLAGE

• Thomas Aquinas, on the other hand, in his natural law theory has a clear conception
of the principles that should guide the individual in her actions that affect her larger
society.
• Immanuel Kant argues for the use of the principles of universalizability and
humanity as end in itself to form a person’s autonomous notion of what s/ he ought
to do.
• Aristotle’s virtue ethics prescribe mesotes as the guide to all the actions that a person
has to take, even in his/her dealing with the larger community of people.
THE NON-HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
• In the case of utilitarianism, some scholar point out that this hedonistic doctrine that
focuses on the sovereignty of pleasures and pains un human decision-making should
extend into other creatures that can experience pleasures and pains, namely, animals
thus, one of the sources of the animal ethics is utilitarianism.

• Since Kantian deontology focuses on the innate dignity of the human being as
possessing reason, it can be argued that one cannot possibly universalize maxims
that in the end will lead to an untenable social existence
THE NON-HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

• Thomas Aquinas, on the other hand may not necessarily talk about the physical
environment and the human moral responsibility to it as such but one can try to infer
from this philosophy the certain actions should be avoided because they do not
produce a harmonious peaceful society
• Lastly, Aristotle’s virtue ethics also pick up on the problem of such shortsightedness
and ask how this can possibly lead to becoming a better person
THANK YOU

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