Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machine Lab: by Suman Kumar Dash REG - NO: LE-20

FLUID MECHANICS AND
HYDRAULIC MACHINE LAB

BY SUMAN KUMAR DASH
REG.NO : LE-20
Contant
01. Experiments on performance of Pelton Turbine

02. Experiments on performance of Francis Turbine
03. Experiments on performance of Kaplan Turbine
04. Determination of Metacentric Height and application to stability of floating bodies.
05. Determination of Cv and Cd of Orifices.
06. Experiments on impact of Jets
PELTON TURBINE
EXPERMENT 1
PELTON TURBINE
This turbine is named after Lester A. Pelton an
American Engineer who developed it in the year 1880.
Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine.
Which uses water available at high heads (pressure) for
generation of electricity.
It is preferred at a very high head and low discharges
with low specific speeds.
Pelton Turbine
Diagram
Pelton Turbine
Diagram
𝑎 1 𝑎 2 √ 2 𝑔𝐻 𝑚3
𝑞𝑎 =𝑐 𝑑
√ 𝑎2 −𝑎2 𝑠
1 2
Components of Pelton wheel
turbine
– Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement
– Braking jet
– Runner and Buckets
– Casing
NOZZLE & FLOW
REGULATING ARRANGEMENT.
The function of nozzleis to to convert the available pressure energy
into high velocity energy in the form of jet.
– The quantity of water required is proportional to the load on the
turbine.
– Therefore, to control the flow through the nozzle, This is done by
using a spear inside the nozzle.
– The movement of spear inside the nozzle changes the area of flow
through it, thus varying the discharge.
Brake Nozzle
– A small brake nozzle is also used in case of large turbines.

– When storing the wheel, supply of water through the main
nozzle cutting off and the brake nozzle directs the water on to
the back of buckets to bring the wheel quickly to rest.
Runner and Buckets
The runner of a Pelton turbine consists of a number of double

cupped buckets fixed to the periphery of the wheel.
Each bucket has a sharp edge at the centre called the splitter.
– The jet strikes each bucket at this splitter and is divided into
two sides, thus avoiding any unbalanced thrust on the shaft.
Casing
– The casing does not perform any hydraulic function.

– However, a casing is necessary to avoid accidents, splashing of
water, to lead the water to the tailrace and to support the hosing
for the bearing and the nozzle.
Working of Pelton
Turbine
The water is transferred from the high head source through a long conduit called
Penstock.
Nozzle arrangement at the end of penstock helps the water to convert All the available
potential energy of the water into kinetic energy by the nozzle arrangement.
The water leaves the nozzle as a jet and strikes the buckets of the Pelton wheel runner.
The jet strikes the splitter of the bucket with the least resistance and shock and glides
along the path of the cup.
The kinetic energy of the jet is reduced when it hits the bucket and also due to spherical
shape of buckets the directed jet will change its direction and takes U-turn and falls into
tail race.
The jet Deflect through an angle of 160° to 170° This deflection of the water causes a
change in momentum of the water jet and hence an impulse force is supplied to the
buckets.
As a result, the runner attached to the bucket moves, rotating the shaft.
The water collected in tail race should not submerge the Pelton wheel in any case.
To generate more power, two Pelton wheels can be arranged to a single shaft or two
water jets can be directed at a time to a single Pelton wheel.
Working of Pelton Turbine
– The water is transferred from the high head source through a long conduit called Penstock.
– Nozzle arrangement at the end of penstock helps the water to convert All the available potential energy of the water into
kinetic energy by the nozzle arrangement.
– The water leaves the nozzle as a jet and strikes the buckets of the Pelton wheel runner.
– The jet strikes the splitter of the bucket with the least resistance and shock and glides along the path of the cup.
– The kinetic energy of the jet is reduced when it hits the bucket and also due to spherical shape of buckets the directed jet
will change its direction and takes U-turn and falls into tail race.
– The jet Deflect through an angle of 160° to 170° This deflection of the water causes a change in momentum of the water
jet and hence an impulse force is supplied to the buckets.
– As a result, the runner attached to the bucket moves, rotating the shaft.
– The water collected in tail race should not submerge the Pelton wheel in any case.
– To generate more power, two Pelton wheels can be arranged to a single shaft or two water jets can be directed at
a time to a single Pelton wheel.
PELTON WHEEL
TURBINE TEST RIG
In the test rig the water is supplied by the centrifugal pump with
the high pressure.
The water flows through the venturimeter to the Pelton wheel.
A gate valve is used to control the flow rate to the turbine.
The venturimeter with pressure gauges is connected to
determine the flow rate in the pipe.
The nozzle opening can be decreased or increased by opening
the spear wheel at entrance side of the turbine.
The turbine is loaded by applying the dead weights on the brake
drum. Placing the weights on the weight hanger.
The inlet head is read from the pressure gauge.
The speed of the turbine is measured with the help of
tachometer.

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FLUID MECHANICS AND

HYDRAULIC MACHINE LAB

01. Experiments on performance of Pelton Turbine

– A small brake nozzle is also used in case of large turbines.

The runner of a Pelton turbine consists of a number of double

– The casing does not perform any hydraulic function.

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