INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY LOGIC,

CLASSICAL SETS AND FUZZY SETS

FUZZY LOGIC
 Fuzzy logic is a way for getting computers to make decision like
human.

 It uses fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules to model the world and to make
decision about it.
FUZZY LOGIC
 Fuzzy logic is the logic underlying approximate, rather than
exact, modes of reasoning.

 It is an extension of multivalued logic: Everything, including

truth, is a matter of degree.

 It contains as special cases not only the classical two-value logic

and multivalue logic systems, but also probabilistic logic.

 A proposition p has a truth value

• 0 or 1 in two-value system,
• element of a set T in multivalue system,
• Range over the fuzzy subsets of T in fuzzy logic.
 Boolean logic uses sharp distinctions.
 Fuzzy logic reflects how people think.

 Fuzzy logic is a set of mathematical principles for knowledge

representation and reasoning based on degrees of membership.
TYPES AND MODELING OF UNCERTAINTY
FUZZY vs PROBABILITY
 Fuzzy ≠ Probability

 Probability deals with uncertainty and likelihood

 Fuzzy logic deals with ambiguity and vagueness

NEED OF FUZZY LOGIC
 Based on intuition and judgment.

 Fulfill the need for a mathematical model.

 Provides a smooth transition between members and nonmembers.

 Relatively simple, fast and adaptive.

 Less sensitive to system fluctuations.

 Can implement design objectives which are difficult to express

mathematically, in linguistic or descriptive rules.
CLASSICAL SETS (CRISP SETS)

Conventional or crisp sets are Binary. An element either belongs to the

set or does not.

{True, False}

{1, 0}

Set of negative integers

Set of students with grade above A

OPERATIONS ON CRISP SETS

 UNION:

 INTERSECTION:

 COMPLEMENT:

 DIFFERENCE:
PROPERTIES OF CRISP SETS
The various properties of crisp sets are as follows:
A X = X
 Crisp set vs. fuzzy set
– The crisp set is defined in such a way as to partition the individuals in some
given universe of discourse into two groups: members and nonmembers.
• However, many classification concepts do not exhibit this characteristic.
• For example, the set of tall people, expensive cars, or sunny days.
For example: the weather today
Sunny: If we define any cloud cover of 25% or less is sunny.
This means that a cloud cover of 26% is not sunny?
“Vagueness” should be introduced.

– A fuzzy set can be defined mathematically by assigning to each possible

individual in the universe of discourse a value representing its grade of
membership in the fuzzy set.
• For example: a fuzzy set representing our concept of sunny might assign a
degree of membership of 1 to a cloud cover of 0%, 0.8 to a cloud cover of
20%, 0.4 to a cloud cover of 30%, and 0 to a cloud cover of 75%.

Fuzzy logic : it uses linguistic terms which humans often use to describe
their actions. E.g. John is tall.
Someone over 190 cm is almost universally considered to be tall.  Someone who
is 180 cm may be considered to be sort of tall , while someone who is under 160
cm is not usually considered to be tall.
• A membership function:
Fuzzy sets
– A characteristic function: the values assigned to the elements of the
universal set fall within a specified range and indicate the
membership grade of these elements in the set.
– Larger values denote higher degrees of set membership.
• A set defined by membership functions is a fuzzy set.
• The most commonly used range of values of membership functions is
the unit interval [0,1].
• The universal set X is always a crisp set.
• Notation:
– The membership function of a fuzzy set A is denoted by  A:  A : X  [0,1]

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OPERATIONS ON FUZZY SETS
 Fuzzy Union
 Union: The union the two sets A and B
(AB) can be defined by the
membership function U(x)

(x)=max((x),(x)), x  X
Fuzzy Union
 Fuzzy union (): the union of two fuzzy sets
is the maximum (MAX) of each element from
two sets.
 E.g.
 A = {1.0, 0.20, 0.75}
 B = {0.2, 0.45, 0.50}
 A  B = {MAX(1.0, 0.2), MAX(0.20, 0.45), MAX(0.75, 0.50)}
= {1.0, 0.45, 0.75}

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 Intersection
 Intersection: the intersection of two sets
A and B (AB) can be defined by the
membership function (x)

(x)=min((x),(x)), x  X
 Fuzzy intersection (): the intersection of two
fuzzy sets is just the MIN of each element
from the two sets.
 E.g.
 A  B = {MIN(1.0, 0.2), MIN(0.20, 0.45),
MIN(0.75, 0.50)} = {0.2, 0.20, 0.50}

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 Complement of a Fuzzy Set
 Complement: the complement of a
fuzzy set A can be defined by the
membership function C(x)

μ A x  1− μ A  x 
Fuzzy Complement
 The complement of a fuzzy variable with
DOM x is (1-x).
 Complement ( _c): The complement of a
fuzzy set is composed of all elements’
complement.
 Example.
 Ac = {1 – 1.0, 1 – 0.2, 1 – 0.75} = {0.0, 0.8, 0.25}

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Operations on Fuzzy Sets: Intersection

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Operations on Fuzzy Sets: Union and Complement

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PROPERTIES OF FUZZY SETS

Except for the law of excluded middle and law of contradiction

For fuzzy set A
AA’ ≠ U
A ∩ A’ ≠ ø
SUMMARY
 The basic concepts of fuzzy logic has been discussed.

 An introduction to crisp sets and fuzzy sets has been included.

 The operations and properties of crisp sets and fuzzy sets are also
dealt with.