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Thermodynamics: Mariam El Gharib

The document discusses concepts related to thermodynamics including: 1) The first law of thermodynamics which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. 2) How to calculate work done using pressure-volume relationships. 3) Low temperature physics which deals with approaching absolute zero using techniques like contact with pre-cooled substances or laser/evaporative cooling. 4) Sample thermodynamics problems related to changes in internal energy, enthalpy, and heat transfer.

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Abo Alphotoh Gaming
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23 views19 pages

Thermodynamics: Mariam El Gharib

The document discusses concepts related to thermodynamics including: 1) The first law of thermodynamics which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. 2) How to calculate work done using pressure-volume relationships. 3) Low temperature physics which deals with approaching absolute zero using techniques like contact with pre-cooled substances or laser/evaporative cooling. 4) Sample thermodynamics problems related to changes in internal energy, enthalpy, and heat transfer.

Uploaded by

Abo Alphotoh Gaming
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THERMODYNAMICS

LO11

MARIAM EL GHARIB
03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 1
Concepts

1. First law of thermodynamics.


2. Energy graphs.
3. Low temperature physics.

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 2


First law of Thermodynamics
• It is also called • The first law of
thermodynamics is a
“Conservation of Thermal generalization of the principle
Energy”, its mean is energy of conservation of energy to
can neither be created nor include energy transfer
destroyed. through heat as mechanical
work

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 3


• The internal energy U of a system is the total
of all kinds of energy possessed by the d U = Q-W
particles that make up the system.
• The net heat put into a system is equal to the
change in internal energy of the system plus • When heat is added to a
the work done BY the system. system its state will
• Conversely, the work done ON a system is change from rest to do
equal to the change in internal energy plus the work.
heat lost in the process.
03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 4
Notes

• Usually the internal energy consists of the


sum of the potential and kinetic energies of
the working gas molecules.

• Specific heat= Q = mcΔT


• Latent heat Q = mL
• H = U + PV

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 5


HOW TO INCREASE THE INTERNAL ENERGY?

• WORK DONE ON A GAS.


_ W is negative.

• HEAT PUT INTO A SYSTEM


_ Q is positive

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 6


How to decrease the internal energy?

• WORK DONE BY • HEAT leaves A SYSTEM. (Q


EXPANDING GAS. (W out) out)
_W is positive _Q is negative

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 7


Motion of piston
• When the heat added > Work done by gas > Expansion.
_The molecule does positive work by the piston.

Expansion

Initial
• Work done on gas > Compression.
_ The molecule does negative work on the piston
Motion of piston

Compression
03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 8
03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 9
How to calculate work done?

W= F * d y = PA * d y =P * d V = P ( V2 – V1)
• V1 = initial volume. V2 = final volume.
• d y is the difference between heights.
_V cons. d V= 0 , W = 0

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 10


P-V Graph
• Work done = the area under the
curve
• Process path from state 1 to state 2
or from 2 to 1.
From 1 to 2 “Expanded” >work
done by the system
From 2 to 1 “ Compressed”> work
done on the system

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 11


• Work done at a constant pressure
_Work done = P (V2 – V1) bigger than 0

• Work done at a constant volume


_d V = 0 , W = 0

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 12


Low temperature physics
(Cryogenics)
• It’s a branch of physics dealing with the cases when
temperature approaches to absolute zero 0 Kelvin or (-273C).

• The temperature scale used is the kelvin (absolute scale)


which is based on the behavior ideal gas.

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 13


MECHANISM OF ACHIEVING LOW TEMPERATURE:

• The simplest is to contact with another pre-cooled


substance, ice or dry (solid CO2) or liquid air by which
we can reach; 77 K [liquid N2 temperature], also liquid
He temperature 4.2 K has even been reached.

• From the concept of the latent heat of vaporization, the


liquid gas draws energy from the material to be cooled
in order to the liquid gas to evaporate to be gas again.

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 14


• Two methods were added in 1980 and 1990:
1. Laser cooling
2. Evaporative cooling

By combining these methods, temperature below one nano-


Kelvin (one billionth of a degree Kelvin) have been achieved.

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 15


Question 1
• What is the change in internal energy when a gas
contracts irreversibly from 377 mL to 177 mL under a
constant pressure of 1520 torr while at the same time
being cooled by removing 124 J of heat?
(Take 1 atm = 760 torr and 1 atm L = 100 J)

d U = -164 J

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 16


Question 2
• An increase in enthalpy leads to an increase in

a) Increase in pressure
b) Increase in volume
c) Increase in internal energy
d) Increase in mass

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 17


Question 3
• A closed system which creates work done by expansion is
50 km and decrease internal energy is 30kj then what is
heat transfer during process.
• A. -20 kj
• B. + 20 kj
• C. - 80 kj
• D. + 80 kj

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 18


Question 4
• The thermal behavior of water is characterized by the value
of its

• A. Heat density.
• B. Heat constant.
• C. Specific heat.
• D. Thermal index

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 19

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