Computer Organization &

Assembly Language
Conditional and Unconditional Jump Instructions
Loop Instruction
Unconditional Jump
 Syntax:
JMP destination_label
 Purpose: To Transfer control to another part of the program.
 Example:

ORG 100h
.CODE
MOV AX, 2
MOV BX, 2
JMP LABEL_SUB
ADD AX, BX ;this instruction will never execute
LABEL_SUB:
SUB AX, BX
RET

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Conditional Jump
 Syntax:
Jxxx destination_label
where xxx represents the condition
 If condition is true, the next instruction to be executed is the one at
destination_label.
 If condition is false, the instruction immediately following the jump is done
next.
 Note: The destination_label must precede the jump instruction by no more
than 126 bytes.
 To implement a conditional jump, the CPU looks at the FLAG register (set
by last instruction executed by the processor).
 JUMP instructions themselves do not affect flags.

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Categories of Conditional Jump
 Signed Jumps: are used when a signed interpretation is being
given to result.
Symbol Description Condition for Jumps
JG/JNLE Jump if greater than ZF = 0 and SF = OF
Jump if not less than or equal to
JGE/JNL Jump if greater than or equal to SF = OF
Jump if not less than
JL/JNGE Jump if less than SF <> OF
Jump if not greater than or equal to
JLE/JNG Jump if less than or equal to ZF = 1 and SF <> OF
Jump if not greater than

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Contd..
 Unsigned Jumps: are used for an unsigned interpretation of
result
Symbol Description Condition for Jumps
JA/JNBE Jump if above than ZF = 0 and CF = 0
Jump if not below than or equal to
JAE/JNB Jump if above than or equal to CF = 0
Jump if not below than
JB/JNAE Jump if below than CF = 1
Jump if not above than or equal to
JBE/JNA Jump if below than or equal to ZF = 1 and CF = 1
Jump if not above than

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Contd.
 Single-Flag Jumps: which operate on settings of individual flags.

Symbol Description Condition for Jumps

JE/JZ Jump If Equal ZF = 1
Jump If Equal to Zero
JNE/JNZ Jump If Not Equal ZF = 0
Jump If Not Equal to Zero
JC Jump If Carry CF = 1
JNC Jump If Not Carry CF = 0
JO Jump If Overflow OF = 1
JNO Jump If Not Overflow OF = 0
JS Jump If Sign Negative SF = 1
JNS Jump If Sign Non Negative SF = 0
JP/JPE Jump if parity even PF = 1
JNP/JPO Jump if parity not even/jump if parity odd PF = 0
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CMP Instruction
 CMP (compare) instruction performs an implied subtraction of a source
operand from destination operand. Neither operand is modified.
CMP destination, source
 FLAGS
CMP Result ZF CF

Destination < Source 0 1

Destination > Source 0 0

Destination = Source 1 0

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CMP Instruction Examples
 Destination < Source:
mov ax, 5
cmp ax, 10 ;CF = 1, ZF = 0
 Destination = Source
mov ax, 1000
mov cx, 1000
cmp cx, ax ; ZF = 1, CF = 0
 Destination > Source
mov si, 105
cmp si, 0 ; ZF = 0 and CF = 0

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High Level Language Structures
 Branching Structure
 IF-THEN
 IF-THEN-ELSE
 CASE
 Branching with Compound Conditions
 AND CONDITIONS
 OR CONDITIONS
 Looping Structures
 FOR LOOP
 WHILE LOOP
 REPEAT LOOP

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IF-THEN
;Code in Assembly Language:

False True ORG 100h

AX < 0 .CODE
MOV AX, FFFE
CMP AX, 0
JNL END_IF
NEG AX
END_IF:
Replace AX
MOV AH, 4CH
by –AX
INT 21H

End

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IF-THEN-ELSE
;Code in Assembly Language:

False True ORG 100h

.CODE
AL <= BL
MOV AH, 1
INT 21H
MOV BL, AL ;first input in BL
INT 21H
;second input in AL
Display the Display the MOV AH, 2
character in BL character in AL CMP AL, BL ;If AL <= BL
JNBE ELSE_
MOV DL, AL ;then
JMP DISPLAY
ELSE_:
End MOV DL, BL
DISPLAY:
INT 21H
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CASE
CASE AL ;Code in Assembly Language:
ORG 100h
< 0: put -1 in BL .CODE
MOV AH, 1
= 0: put 0 in BL INT 21H ;input in AL
CMP AL, 0 ;case
> 0: put 1 in BL JL NEGATIVE
JE ZERO
END_CASE JG POSITIVE
NEGATIVE:
MOV BL, -1
JMP END_CASE
ZERO:
MOV BL, 0
JMP END_CASE
POSITIVE:
MOV BL, 1
JMP END_CASE
END_CASE:
MOV AH, 4Ch
INT 21h
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AND Condition
 An AND condition is true if and only if both conditions are
true.
 Consider following Pseudo code:
Read a character (into AL)
IF (‘A’ <= character) and (character <= ‘Z’)
THEN
display character
END_IF

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Contd..
ORG 100h
.CODE
MOV AH, 1
INT 21H
;character in AL
CMP AL, ‘A’ ;if AL >= ‘A’
JNGE END_IF
CMP AL, ‘Z’ ;and AL <= ‘Z’
JNLE END_IF
MOV AH, 2
MOV DL, AL ;then
INT 21H
END_IF:
MOV AH, 4Ch
INT 21H

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OR Condition
 An OR condition is true if at least one of the conditions is
true.
 Consider following Pseudo code:
Read a character (into AL)
IF (character = ‘y’) OR (character = ‘Y’)
THEN
display it
ELSE
terminate the program
END_IF

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Contd..
ORG 100h
.CODE
MOV AH, 1
INT 21H ;character in AL
CMP AL, ‘y’
JE THEN
CMP AL, ‘Y’
JE THEN
JMP ELSE_
THEN:
MOV AH, 2
MOV DL, AL
INT 21H
JMP END_IF
ELSE_:
MOV AH, 4Ch
INT 21H
END_IF:

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Looping Structures
 FOR LOOP ORG 100h
.CODE
;initialize CX
MOV CX, 80
TOP: MOV AH, 2
;body of the loop MOV DL, ‘*’
LOOP TOP TOP:
INT 21H
LOOP TOP

MOV AH, 4Ch

INT 21H

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Contd..
 FOR LOOP
 Executed at least once.
 If CX contains 0, the loop instruction decrements CX (CX = FFFFh)
and the loop is then executed 65535 times!
 To prevent this, use instruction JCXZ before the loop.
;initialize CX
JCXZ SKIP
TOP:
;body of the loop
LOOP TOP
SKIP:

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Contd..
 WHILE LOOP
WHILE condition DO
;statements
END_WHILE
 WHILE LOOP checks the terminating condition at the top of
the loop, so don’t forget to initialize variables.
 Example:

Initialize count to 0
Read a character
WHILE character <> carriage return Do
count = count + 1
read a character
END_WHILE
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Contd..
ORG 100h
.CODE
MOV DX, 0
MOV AH, 1 ;read first character
INT 21H
Note: Requires 2 Jumps:
o Conditional Jump at top
WHILE_:
CMP AL, 0Dh o JMP at the bottom
JE END_WHILE
INC DX Also, If terminating condition is false, loop
INT 21H is not executed.
JMP WHILE_
END_WHILE:
MOV AH, 4Ch
INT 21H

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Contd..
 REPEAT LOOP
REPEAT
;statements
UNTIL condition
 First statements are executed, then the condition is checked.
 If true, the loop terminates; if false, control branches to the top
of the loop
 Example:
REPEAT
Read a character
UNTIL character is a blank

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Contd..
ORG 100h
.CODE Note: Requires only one Conditional
MOV AH, 1 ;read first character Jump at the end
REPEAT_:
INT 21H Also, If terminating condition is false, still
CMP AL, ‘ ‘ loop is executed at least once.
JNE REPEAT_
MOV AH, 4Ch
INT 21H

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For Practice
 Example given in section 6.5
 Ch 6 Exercise: Q1, Q2, Q4

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