DATABASE

MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
 A Database is an organized collection
of related data about a subject organized
in a useful manner that allows access,
retrieval and use of that data.
A Database Management System
(DBMS) is a software package designed
to define, manipulate, retrieve and
manage data in a database.
STUDENTS
RECORDS

INVENTORIES
 LIBRARY
DATABASE

BANK
ACCOUNTS
Examples of database management
system software
MS ACCESS

MY SQL
MICROSOFT
SQL SERVER

ORACLE
DB2

FILE MAKER
PRO
OBJECTIVES OF DATABASE
1. Data Integrity. Maintaining and assuring the accuracy and
consistency of data.
2. Data Integration. Combining data residing in different
sources and providing users with a unified view of these
data.
3. Data Indepedence. It allows the database to be
structurally changed without affecting most existing
programs.
IMPORTANCE OF DATABASE SYSTEM

1. Integrated data
2. Data Accessibility
3. Data Expanded and Manipulated
4. Data Independence
5. Reduced Redundancy of data
6. Data Security
7. Data Sharing
 COMPONENTS of database environment
1. Database administrator – a person who is responsible for the overall information
from database is called database administrator or simply dba.
2. System developers – these are person who design and develop new application
program such as programmers and system analysts.

3. End user – these are the people who interact with database management system
to perform different operations on database such as encoding, retrieving,
updating, inserting and deleting data.
4. User interface – it consists of menus, buttons and other components. All
windows based software use graphical
5. Application programs - IS USED TO SEND COMMANDS TO THE DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO MANIPULATE DATABASE

6. Repository – a collecton of all data definitions, data relationship, output styles

and report formats.

7. DBMS - A SOFTWARE THAT MANAGES ON A COMPUTER

Four major uses of dbms

1. DATABASE DEVELOPMENT – DATABASE MANAGEMENT PACKAGES LIKE MS ACCESS

OR LOTUS APPROACH ALLOW END USERS TO EASILY DEVELOP THE DATABASE THEY NEED.

DATA DICTIONARY - ANOTHER TOOL OF DATA ADMINISTRATION.

2. DATABASE INTERROGATION - END-USER CAN USE A DBMS BY ASKING INFORMATION

FROM A DATABASE USING A QUERY LANGUANGE OR A REPORT GENERATOR.

3. DATABASE MAINTENANCE – IT IS ACCOMPLISH BY TRANSACTION PROCCESING

PROGRMAS AND OTHER END-USER APPLICATION PACKAGES

4. APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT – APPLICATION DEVELOPERS CAN USE THE

INTERNAL 4 GL PROGRAMMING LAN GUAGE AND BUILT-IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
PROVIDED BY MANY DBMS TO DEVELOP CUSTOM APPLICATION PROGRAMS.
 1. DATA DICTIONARY MANAGEMENT – IT IS WHERE
THE DBMS STORES DEFINITION OF THE DATA
ELEMENT AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS (METADATA)
2. DATA STORAGE MANAGEMENT- IS USED FOR THE
STORAGE OF DATA AND ANY RELATED DATA ENTRY
FORMS OF SCREEN DEFINITION, REPORT
DEFINITIION, DATA VALIDATION RULES,
FUNCTIONS OF PROCEDURAL CODE, AND STRUCTURES THAT CAN
DATABASE HANDLE VIDEO AND PICTURES FORMATS.
DATA TRANSFORMATION AND PRESENTATION – BY
MANAGEMENT 3. USING THE DATA TRANSFORMATION AND
SYSTEM PRESENTATION FUNCTION, THE DBMS CAN
DETERMINE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOGICAL
AND PHYSICAL DATA FORMATS.
4. SECURITY MANAGEMENT - IS ONE OF THE MOST
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS IN THE DBMS.
5. MULTIUSER CONTROL – IT ENABLE MULTI USER TO
ACCESS THE DATABASE SIMULTANEOUSLY WITHOUT
6. BACKUP AND RECOVERY MANAGEMENT - IT REFERS TO THE DATA SAFETY AND
INTEGRITY.

7. DATA NTEGRITY MANAGEMENT – THE DBMS ENFORCES THESE RULES TO REDUCE

THINGS SUCH AS DATA REDUNDANCY, WHICH IS WHEN THE DATA IS STORED IN ONE MORE THA N
ONE PLACE UNNECESSARILY AND MAXIMIZING DATA CONSISTENCY, MAKING SURE DATABASE IS
RETURNING CORRECT ANSWER EACH TIME FOR SAME QUESTION ASKED.

8. DATABASE ACCESS LANGUAGE AND APPLICATION PROGRAMMING

INTERFACE – A QUERY LANGUAGE IS A NON - ROCEDURAL LANGUAGE SQL IS THE MOST
COMMON QUERY LANGUAGE SUPPORTED BY THE MAJORITY OF DBMS VENDORS.

9. DATABASE COMMUNICATION INTERFACE – THIS REFERS TO HOW A DBMS CAN

ACCEPT DIFFERENT END USER REQUESTS THROUGH DIFFERENT NETWORK ENVIRONMENT.

10. TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT - THIS REFERS TO HOW A DBMS MUST SUPPLY A

METHOD THAT WILL GUARANTEE THAT ALL THE UPDATES IN A GIVEN TRANSACTIONS ARE MADE
OR NOT MADE
Database approach
 Data definition language (DDL) – define database
schemas
 Data manipulation language (DML) – to retrieve, insert,
delete and update data in the database query language are
part of dml
 Data Control Language (DCL) – Control the access of
data.
Advantages of a database system
 Reduced data redundancy
 Reduced updating errors and increased consistency
 Greaterdata integrity and independence from application
programs
 Improved accessibility, responsiveness, maintenance
 Increase productivity, concurrency, backup and recovery
services
 Improved data access to users through use of host and
query language
 Improved data security
What is DBMS?
 Iscomplex set of software programs that controls the
organization, storage, and retrieval of data in a database

A DBMS INCLUDES:

1. A MODELING LANGUAGE TO DEFINE THE SCHEMA OF EACH DATABASE HOSTED IN

THE DBMS, ACCORDING TO THE DBMS DATA MODEL.
* THE THREE MOST COMMON ORGANIZATION ARE THE HIERARCHY, NETWORK AND RELATIONAL.

2. DATA STRUCTURE (FIELDS, RECORDS AND FILE) – OPTIMIZED TO DEAL WITH

VERY LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA STORED OM A PERMANENT DATA STORAGE
DEVISE.
Disadvantage of a database system
 Database system are complex, difficult and time-consuming
to design
 Substantial hardware and software start-up costs
 Damage to database affects virtually all applications
programs
 Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based
system to a database system
 Initial training required for all programmers and users.
3. A database query language and report allow users to
interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and
update it according to the users privileges on data
a. it also controls the security of the database.
b data security prevents unauthorized user.
4. A transaction mechanism, that ideally would guarantee
the ACID properties, in order to ensure data integrity,
despite concurrent users access (concurrency and faults
(Fault tolerance)
Features and abilities
 Persistence – Attributes are permanently stored on a hard-drive or other
fast, reliable medium until explicitly removed or changed.
 Query Ability – Querying is the process of requesting attribute
information from various perspectives and combination of factors.
 Concurrency – Many people may want to change and read the same
attributes at the same time. If there are not organized, predetermined
rules for sharing changes, then the attributes may grow inconsistent or
misleading.
 Backup and replication – often copies of attributes need to be made in
case primary disk or other equipment fails. A periodic copy of
attributes may also be created for a distant organization that cannot
readily access the original. DBMS usually provide utilities to facilitate
the process of extracting and disseminating attribute sets.
 Rule Enforcement – Often one wants to apply rules to attributes so
that the attributes are clean and reliable.
 Security – Often it is desirable to limit who can see or change which
attributes or groups of attributes. After all, you don’t want anybody
on the street to be able to change your license plate number in
government automobile database.
 Computation – There are common computations requested on
attribuTes such as counting, summing, averaging, sorting, grouping,
cross-referencing, etc. Rather than have each computer application
implement these from scratch, they can rely on the DBMS to supply
such calculations.
 Change and access logging – oftentimes one wants to know who
accessed what attributes, what was changed, and when it was
changed. Logging services allow this by keeping a record of access
occurrences and changes.
 Automated Optimization – If there are frequently occurring usage
patterns or requests, some DBMS can adjust themselves to
improve the speed of those interactions. In some cases the DBMS
will merely provide tools to monitor performance, allowing a
human expert to make the necessary adjustments after reviewing
the statistics collected.
 Meta-data Repository – Meta-data is information about
information. For example, a listing that describe what attributes
are allowed to be in data sets called “Meta-Information.”
 Modeling Tool – A DBMS can also act as a modeling tool. It can
be used to model various nouns found in the environment by
describing the attributes associated with such nouns and how the
nouns and attributes relate to each other.
 Types of databases
 Operational databases – store detailed data needed to support the
operation of the entire organization. They are also called subject
area databases (SADB), transaction database, and production
database.
 Analytical databases – store data and information extracted from
selection operational and external databases. Analytical databases
are also called management databases or information databases.
They may also be called multidimensional databases, since they
frequently use a multidimensional databases, since they
frequently use a multidimensional database structural to organize
data. These are the databases accessed by the on-line analytical
processing (OLAP) systems, DSS and EISs.
 Data warehouse – stores data from current and previous years
that has been extracted from the various operational databases
of an organization.
 Distributed database – replication and distribution of
databases is done to improve database performance and
security.
 End user databases – these databases consist of a variety of
data files development by end users at their workstation.
 External Databases – Access to a wealth of information from
external databases is available for a fee from commercial
online services, and with or without charge from many
sources on the internet, especially the WWW.
 Hyper media Database – These consists of a home page and
other hyperlinked pages of multimedia or mixed media.
Types of database object

Table
Query
Form
Steps in designing a database
1. Collect information
2. Determine the purpose of our database
3. Determine the fields that you need in the tables
4. Identify the types of information for each object
5. Identify fields with unique values
6. Determine the relationship between tables
7. Refine your design
8. Add data and create other database object
9. Re-examine your database
10. Review and finalize the design.
 Terms to remember
 Hyperlink – A highlighted word in a document or Web
page that you can click on to go a file or another place.
 UNC Path – Universal naming conversion. The type of
file system path used in windows to completely specify a
directory on a file server.
 Ole – object-linking embedded. A technology developed
by Microsoft that allows embedding and linking to
document and other objects.
 OLE object – use to attach an ole object, such as Microsoft
word, PowerPoint, excel to a record.
 Datasheet view – shows the record on a table.
 Design view – creates a table in design mode.
 Table wizard – create a table from sample tables and fields.
 Parameters – a type of filter that you build in to your query.
DATA BASE ACCESS
DIRECT- ASSORTED TRANSACTIONS CAN BE USED TO IMMEDIATELY UPDATE A
DATA BASE
Examples:
USB memory sticks.
Flash memory (like in digital cameras and mobile phones)
Blu-ray discs.

SEQUENTIAL: TRANSACTIONS ARE SORTED IN ASCENDING ORDER BEFORE

PROCESSING
Examples: A common example of sequential access is with a tape drive,
where the device must move the tape's ribbon forward or backward to reach
the desired information. The opposite would be RAM (Random Access Memory)
that can go anywhere on the chip to access the information
BENEFITS AND LIMITATION OF DATA BASE
MANAGEMENT
 THE DATA BASE MANAGEMENT APPROACH PROVIDE END
USERS WITH SEVERAL IMPORTANT BENEFITS
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT REDUCE THE DUPLICATION OF
DATA AND INTEGRATES DATA SO THAT THEY CAN BE
ACCESSED BY MULTIPLE PROGRAMS AND USERS
DATABASE CHARACTERISTICS

 THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF AN OPERATING DATABASE IS

BASICALLY FIXED IN THE “ROW DIRECTION.
 THE USER WILL INTERACT WITH A LOGICAL VIEW OF THE
DATA AND NEED NOT KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT THE
ACTUAL INTERNAL STRUCTURE
 DATABASE SCHEMA
 CONCEPTUAL SCHEME- LOGICALLY DESCRIBES ALL DATA IN THE
DATA BASE
 INTERNAL SCHEMA- DESCRIBES HOW DATA ARE ACTUALLY
STORED
 EXTERNAL SCHEMA- DESCRIBES THE DATA WHICH ARE OF
INTEREST TO USER