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Signals and Systems Assignment Help

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Problems:
Consider the signal x(t) = 3e 2'u(t) + 4e3 'u(t).

(a) Does the Fourier transform of this signal converge?

(b) For which of the following values of a does the Fourier transform of x(t)e
-" converge?

(i) a = 1

(ii) a = 2.5

(iii) a = 3.5

(c) Determine the Laplace transform X(s) of x(t). Sketch the location of the
poles and zeros of X(s) and the ROC.
Determine the Laplace transform, pole and zero locations, and associated
ROC for each of the following time functions.

(a) e -"u(t), a > 0

(b) e ~at u(t), a < 0

(c) -e -a t u(- t), a < 0


Shown in Figures P20.3-1 to P20.3-4 are four pole-zero plots. For each
statement in Table P20.3 about the associated time function x(t), fill in the
table with the corresponding constraint on the ROC.

Constraint on ROC for Pole-Zero


Pattern
Table P20.3

Determine x(t) for the following conditions if X(s) is


given by

(a) x(t) is right-sided

(b) x(t) is left-sided

(c) x(t) is two-sided

An LTI system has an impulse response h(t) for which the Laplace
transform
H(s) is
Determine the system output y(t) for all t if the input x(t) is given by

x(t) = e t ' 2 + 2e - t 3 for all t.

(a) From the expression for the Laplace transform of x(t), derive the fact
that the Laplace transform of x(t) is the Fourier transform of x(t)
weighted by an exponential.

(b) Derive the expression for the inverse Laplace transform using the
Fourier transform synthesis equation.

Determine the time function x(t) for each Laplace


transform X(s).
The Laplace transform X(s) of a signal x(t) has four poles and an unknown
number of zeros. x(t) is known to have an impulse at t = 0. Determine what
information, if any, this provides about the number of zeros.

Determine the Laplace transform, pole-zero location, and associated ROC for
each of the following time functions.

(a) e atu(t), a < 0

(b) -e"'u(-t), a > 0

c) e atu(t), > 0

(d) e *t. a > 0

(e) u(t)

(f) b(t - to) a > 0

(g) L ako(t - kT), k=o

(h) cos (wot + b)u(t)

(i) sin (oot + b)e --at u(t), a > 0


(a) If x(t) is an even time function such that x(t) = x(- t), show that this
requires that X(s) = X(-s).

(b) If x(t) is an odd time function such that x(t) = -x(--t), show that X(s) = -
X(-s).

(c) Determine which, if any, of the pole-zero plots in Figures P20.10-1 to


P20.10-4 could correspond to an even time function. For those that could,
indicate the required ROC.

(d) Determine which, if any, of the pole-zero plots in part (c) could
correspond to an odd time function. For those that could, indicate the
required ROC.
Solution

(a) The Fourier transform of the signal does not exist because of the
presence of growing exponentials. In other words, x(t) is not absolutely
integrable.

(b) (i) For the case a = 1, we have that

Although the growth rate has been slowed, the Fourier transform still
does not converge.

(ii) For the case a = 2.5, we have that

The first term has now been sufficiently weighted that it decays to 0 as t
goes to infinity. However, since the second term is still growing
exponentially, the Fourier transform does not converge.

(iii) For the case a = 3.5, we have that

Both terms do decay as t goes to infinity, and the Fourier transform


converges. We note that for any value of a > 3.0, the signal x(t)e -'
decays exponentially, and the Fourier transform converges.
(c) The Laplace transform of x(t) is

and its pole-zero plot and ROC are as shown in Figure


S20.1.

Note that if a > 3.0, s = a + jw is in the region of convergence because, as


we showed in part (b)(iii), the Fourier transform converges.
The Laplace transform converges for Re~s) +

a > 0, so o + a>0,0

as shown in Figure S20.2-2. or o>-a,


(a) (i) Since the Fourier transform of x(t)e ~'exists, a = 1 must be in the ROC.
Therefore only one possible ROC exists, shown in Figure S20.3-1.
(ii) We are specifying a left-sided signal. The corresponding ROC is as given
in Figure S20.3-2.

(iii) We are specifying a right-sided signal. The corresponding ROC is as


given in Figure S20.3-3.

(b) Since there are no poles present, the ROC exists everywhere in
the s plane. (i) a = 1 must be in the ROC. Therefore, the only possible
ROC is that shown in Figure S20.3-4.
(ii) We are specifying a left-sided signal. The corresponding ROC is as
shown in Figure S20.3-5.

(iii) We are specifying a right-sided signal. The corresponding ROC is as


given in Figure S20.3-6.
(d) (i) a = 1 must be in the ROC. Therefore, the only possible ROC is as
shown in Figure S20.3-7.

(ii) We are specifying a left-sided signal. The corresponding ROC is as


shown in Figure S20.3-8. I
(iii) We are specifying a right-sided signal. The corresponding ROC is as
shown in Figure S20.3-9.
(a) For x(t) right-sided, the ROC is to the right of the rightmost pole, as
shown in Figure S20.4-1.
Using partial fractions,

so, by inspection,

(b) For x(t) left-sided, the ROC is to the left of the leftmost pole, as shown in
Figure S20.4-2.
Since

we conclude that

(c) For the two-sided assumption, we know that x(t) will


have the form

We know the inverse Laplace transforms of the


following:
assuming right-sided,
assuming left-sided, 1
e- u(t),
assuming right-sided,
assuming left-sided

Which of the combinations should we choose for the two-sided case?


Suppose we choose
We ask, For what values of a does x(t)e -0' have a Fourier transform? And we
see that there are no values. That is, suppose we choose a > -1, so that the first
term has a Fourier transform. For a > -1, e - 2 te -'' is a growing exponential as
t goes to negative infinity, so the second term does not have a Fourier
transform. If we increase a, the first term decays faster as t goes to infinity,
but
the second term grows faster as t goes to negative infinity. Therefore,
choosing a > -1 will not yield a Fourier transform of x(t)e -'. If we choose a 5
-1, we note that the first term will not have a Fourier transform. Therefore, we
conclude that our choice of the two-sided sequence was wrong. It corresponds
to the invalid region of convergence shown in Figure S20.4-3.

If we choose the other possibility,

we see that the valid region of convergence is as given in


Figure S20.4-4.
There are two ways to solve this problem.

Method 1

This method is based on recognizing that the system input is a superposition


of eigenfunctions. Specifically, the eigenfunction property follows from the
convolution integral
Now we recognize that

so that if x(t) = e ", then

i.e., e a' is an eigenfunction of the system.


Using linearity and superposition, we recognize that if

Method 2 We consider the solution of this problem as the superposition of


the response to two signals x 1(t), x 2(t), where x 1(t) is the noncausal part
of x(t) and x 2(t) is the causal part of x(t). That is,
This allows us to use Laplace transforms, but we must be careful about the
ROCs. Now consider L{xi(t)}, where C{-} denotes the Laplace transform:

Now since the response to x 1(t) is


The pole-zero plot and associated ROC for Yi(s) is shown in
Figure S20.5-1.

Next consider the response y2 (t) to x 2(t):


We see that the Laplace transform is the Fourier transform of x(t)e -'' from
the definition of the Fourier analysis formula.
The Laplace transform of an impulse ab(t) is a.Therefore, if we expand
a rational Laplace transform by dividing the denominator into the
numerator, we require a constant term in the expansion. This will occur
only if the numerator has order greater than or equal to the order of the
denominator. Therefore, a necessary condition on the number of zeros
is that it be greater than or equal to the number of poles. This is only a
necessary and not a sufficient condition as it is possible to construct a
rational Laplace transform that has a numerator order greater than the
denominator order and that does not yield a constant term in the expansion.
For example,

which does not have a constant term. Therefore a necessary condition is that
the number of zeros equal or exceed the number of poles.

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