Binary Frequency & Phase

Shift Keying
BPSK bandwidth
• Remember BPSK was obtained from a polar signal by carrier
modulation
• We know the bandwidth of polar NRZ using square pulses was BT=Rb.
• It doesn’t take much to realize that carrier modulation doubles this
bandwidth

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Illustrating BPSK bandwidth
• The expression for baseband BPSK (polar) bandwidth is
SB(f)=2Ebsinc2(Tbf)

2/Tb=2Rb

BPSK

BT=2Rb
1/Tb f fc-/Tb fc fc+/Tb

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BFSK as a sum of two RF streams
• BFSK can be thought of superposition of two unipolar signals, one at
f1 and the other at f2

0.5
BFSK for 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1

0.8 0

0.6
-0.5
0.4

-1
0.2 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

-0.2 1
+
-0.4
0.5
-0.6

0
-0.8

-1 -0.5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

-1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

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Modeling of BFSK bandwidth
• Each stream is just a carrier modulated unipolar signal. Each has a
sinc spectrum

1/Tb=Rb
f

BT=2 f+2Rb
f= (f2-f1)/2

f1 fc f2

fc=(f1+f2)/2
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Example: 1200 bps bandwidth
• The old 1200 bps standard used BFSK modulation
using 1200 Hz for mark and 2200 Hz for space. What
is the bandwidth?
• Use
BT=2f+2Rb
f=(f2-f1)/2=(2200-1200)/2=500 Hz
BT=2x500+2x1200=3400 Hz
• This is more than BPSK of 2Rb=2400 Hz

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QPSK vs. BPSK
• Let’s compare the two based on BER and bandwidth
BER Bandwidth
BPSK QPSK BPSK QPSK

1  Eb  1
erfc   erfc 

Eb 
 Rb Rb/2
2  N o  2  N o 

EQUAL

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Sunde’s FSK
• We might have to pick tones f1 and f2 that are not orthogonal. In such
a case there will be a finite correlation between the tones

Tb
2
   cos(2f1t) cos(2f2 t)dt Good points,zero correlation
Tb 0

1 2 3 2(f2-f1)Tb

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Picking the 2nd zero crossing:
Sunde’s FSK
• If we pick the second zc term (the first term puts the tones too close)
we get
2(f2-f1)Tb=2--> f=1/2Tb=Rb/2
remember f is (f2-f1)/2
• Sunde’s FSK bandwidth is then given by
BT=2f+2Rb=Rb+2Rb=3Rb
• The practical bandwidth is a lot smaller

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Sunde’s FSK bandwidth
• Due to sidelobe cancellation, practical bandwidth is just BT=2f=Rb

1/Tb=Rb
f f

BT=2 f+2Rb
f= (f2-f1)/2

f1 fc f2

fc=(f1+f2)/2
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BFSK example
• A BFSK system operates at the 3rd zero crossing of -Tb plane. If the
bit rate is 1 Mbps, what is the frequency separation of the tones?
• The 3rd zc is for 2(f2-f1)Tb=3. Recalling that f=(f2-f1)/2 then f
=0.75/Tb
• Then f =0.75/Tb=0.75x106=750 KHz
• And BT=2(f +Rb)=2(0.75+1)106=3.5 MHz

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Point to remember
• FSK is not a particularly bandwidth-friendly modulation. In this
example, to transmit 1 Mbps, we needed 3.5 MHz.
• Of course, it is working at the 3rd zero crossing that is responsible
• Original Sunde’s FSK requires BT=Rb=1 MHz

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