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Introduction To Microprocessors - 1

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that contains the logic and control circuits of a central processing unit. It performs the role of the CPU by controlling the overall function of a computer system according to instructions in a program. A microprocessor accepts binary instructions and data as input, processes the data according to the instructions, and produces binary output or digital signals. A microprocessor-based system consists of a central processing unit, memory unit, and input/output unit connected by system buses that allow transfer of data, selection of memory/device locations, and control signals between components.

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Ali Zahid
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54 views12 pages

Introduction To Microprocessors - 1

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that contains the logic and control circuits of a central processing unit. It performs the role of the CPU by controlling the overall function of a computer system according to instructions in a program. A microprocessor accepts binary instructions and data as input, processes the data according to the instructions, and produces binary output or digital signals. A microprocessor-based system consists of a central processing unit, memory unit, and input/output unit connected by system buses that allow transfer of data, selection of memory/device locations, and control signals between components.

Uploaded by

Ali Zahid
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION

TO THE
MICROPROCESSORS

1 PNEC
What is a ‘Microprocessor’?
 Microprocessor is an I.C (or a VLSI Chip: Very Large Scale
Integration IC)

 A Microprocessor I.C contains ‘Combinational’ and ‘Sequential’


logic circuits, for example;
-Gates,
-Flip Flops
-Registers
-Counters
-Arithmetic Circuits etc

2 PNEC
What is a ‘Microprocessor’?

 It performs the role of ‘Central Processing


Unit’, that is “CPU” in a computer

 As ‘CPU’ it controls the overall function of a


Microprocessor Based System (for example
a ‘Computer’) according to the ‘Instructions’
given to it in the form of a ‘Program’

3 PNEC
What is a ‘Microprocessor’?

 Microprocessor accepts ‘instructions’ and


‘Data’ in the form of Binary numbers (1010...)
Click to add text
 Processes the data according to the
instructions, and
 Produces ‘Result’ as output in binary form or
digital signals

4 PNEC
What is a ‘Microprocessor’?
 Earlier ‘CPUs’ of small computers were used to be
built by combining circuit boards with multiple
SSI and MSI I.Cs (Small & Medium Scale Integration
I.Cs or Chips)
 In a Microprocessor all these circuits are fabricated
or integrated together on a single I.C
 Thus, a Microprocessor becomes a VLSI chip, and
the whole ‘CPU’ is fabricated on a single chip
 This chip is named as ‘Microprocessor’

5 PNEC
What is a ‘Microprocessor’?
 Microprocessors are used extensively in the design of any
computing facility. It contains units to carry out arithmetic and logic
calculations, fast storage in terms of registers and associated
control logic to get instructions from memory and execute them. A
number of devices can be interfaced with them to develop a
complete system application.

6 PNEC
What is a ‘Microprocessor Based
System’?

 A basic MP Based System comprises of the


following three ‘Units’;
1- Central Processing Unit (or MP)
2- Memory Unit
3- Input/Output Unit

7 PNEC
Functions of the ‘Units’

 CPU or MP controls the overall operation of the


system
 Input unit is used to get data to be processed
by the MP and Output unit is used to send the
data processed by the MP
 Memory unit contains the instructions or the
program, according to which data is to be
processed or operation is to be performed by
the MP
8 PNEC
Interconnections of the ‘Units’

 In an MP Based System these ‘Units’ are


connected together by ‘System Buses’

 A ‘System Bus’ is a group of wires

 Each ‘Bus’ is used for a specific function

9 PNEC
System Buses

 There are three different types of System


Buses;
1. Data Bus
2. Address Bus
3. Control Bus

10 PNEC
Functions of System Buses

 Data Bus: It is used for transferring data


between MP and memory unit and also
between MP and I/O units
 Address Bus: It is used to select a Memory
device and its specific ‘location’ and to select
an I/O device or its specific port
 Control Bus: It is used to transfer signals
between MP and Memory & I/O device

11 PNEC
Working principle of an MP Based
System
 Set of Instructions i.e a ‘Program’ is kept in the
Memory Unit
 MP takes an instruction from the Memory and
decodes it into series of simple actions (which are to
be carried out)
 Takes ‘actions’ in the form of performing arithmetic or
logic operations (i.e data processing) and/or by
generating necessary signals
 Repeats the same steps for next instructions

12 PNEC

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