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Mathematics in The Modern World: Number Sequence and Series

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850 views12 pages

Mathematics in The Modern World: Number Sequence and Series

Uploaded by

Cherrylane Edica
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mathematics in the Modern

world
Number Sequence and Series    
Learning Outcomes :
At the end of the lesson, the students are
expected to:
• Understand the concept of arithmetic,
geometric and special sequences.
• Apply special number relationships such as
sequences and series to real-world problems
• Devise their own number patterns
Presentation and Development of the
Lesson
• A sequence is said to be arithmetic if each
term, after the first, is obtained from the
preceding term by adding a common value.
• Infinite sequences go on forever without end. 
If you see the three dots at the end of a
sequence, you'll know that it continues on and
is an infinite sequence.  A finite sequence is a
sequence that stops after a certain number of
terms.
Examples of arithmetic sequence
• 2, 4, 6, 8, 10…
• -2, -4, -6, -8, -10…
• ¼, ½, ¾, 1, 1 ¼…
• -2, -1, 0, 1, 2…
Find the general term of an arithmetic
sequence. “The nth term of an arithmetic
sequence is an = a1 + (n – 1) d, where a1 is the
first term and d is the common difference.”
Derivation of arithmetic sequence:

• a1
• a2 = a 1 + d
• a3 = a2 + d = (a1 + d ) + d = a1 + 2d
• a4 = a3 + d = (a1 + 2d ) + d = a1 + 3d
Examples:
• Find the nth term of the arithmetic sequence
11, 2, -7…
Solution: an = a1 +(n – 1) d
= 11 + (n – 1)(-9)
= -9n + 20
• The first term of an arithmetic sequence is –15 and the fifth
term is 13. Find the fortieth term.
Solution: a5 = a1 +(5 – 1) d
13 = -15 + 4d
28 = 4d
d=7
a40 = -15 + (39)(7) = 258
In a Geometric Sequence, each term is found
by multiplying the previous term by a constant.
• A Geometric Sequence is made by multiplying by the
same value each time.
Example: 1,3, 9, 27,81, 243,…
This sequence has a factor of 3 between each number.
The pattern is continued by multiplying by 3 each time
The Rule for any term is:
xn = arn-1
a = (the first term)
r = (the "common ratio")
• Special Sequences, There are also many special
sequences, here are some of the most common:
• Triangular Numbers
1, 3, 6, 10 , 15, 21, 28, 36, 45,…
This Triangular Number Sequence is generated
from a pattern of dots that form a triangle. By
adding another row of dots and counting all the
dots we can find the next number of the
sequence:
Rule: xn = n(n+1)/2
• Example:
the 5th Triangular Number is x5 = 5(5+1)/2
= 15, and the sixth is x6 = 6(6+1)/2 = 21
Square Numbers
0,1,4,9,16, 25,36,49,…
Cube Numbers
1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, …
They are the cubes of the counting numbers
(they start at 1)
Fibonacci Numbers
• 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, …
• The Fibonacci Sequence is found by adding the two
numbers before it together.
The 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it
(1+1)
The 21 is found by adding the two numbers before it
(8+13)
The next number in the sequence above would be
55 (21+34)
Generalization of the Lesson
• If a sequence is formed by adding (or subtracting) the same
number each time to get the next term, it's called an arithmetic
sequence. 
• If you're not sure the sequence is arithmetic, you'll want to
double check to make sure the difference between each set of
consecutive terms is the same.  If the number that's being added
isn't the same number each time, it's not an arithmetic sequence.
• When we sum up just part of a sequence it is called a Partial
Sum.
• But a sum of an infinite sequence it is called a "Series" (it sounds
like another name for sequence, but it is actually a sum)
Question:
• What are the mathematical language and
symbols? Name as many as you can

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