Ese 2021 (Induction)

Induction Machine
Introduction
 A induction machine can be used as either induction generator or a

induction motor.
 Induction motors are popularly used in the industry (70% of the
machines in industry are IM)
 Depending on the application currently IM’s replaced by energy
efficient electrical machines.(PMSM,PM BLDC..)
 Three phase and single phase IM’s
Main features: cheap and low maintenance

Main disadvantages: speed control is not easy
Construction of stator
Rotor construction
Slip ring type IM …
 Slip-ring asynchronous (induction, IM) machine
 stator is identical as squirrel cage induction motor
 rotor has clasical winding, not a bars
 usualy 3 windings (phases) on the rotor
 rotor winding ends connected to the stationary rings, see figure below
rings
resistors
Fig.Stator and rotor connections of a (a) slip-ring IM
Concept of rotating magnetic field
Principle of operation of IM..
• When 3-phase stator winding is energized from a 3-phase
supply, a rotating magnetic field is set up which rotates
round the stator at synchronous speed Ns (= 120 f/P).
• The rotating field passes through the air gap and cuts the
rotor conductors which are stationary. Due to the relative
speed between the rotating flux and the stationary rotor,
e.m.f.s are induced in the rotor conductors. Since the rotor
circuit is short-circuited, currents start flowing in the rotor
conductors.
• IM will always run at a speed lower than the synchronous speed
• The difference between the motor speed and the synchronous speed
is called the Slip
nslip  nsync  nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
Rotor frequency
P  (ns  nm )
fr 
120
P  sns
fr  s f e  sf e
120
 When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the frequency of the induced voltage is
equal to the supply frequency
 On the other hand, if the rotor runs at synchronous speed (s = 0), the
frequency will be zero
Power flow in induction motor
Equivalent Circuit
• We can rearrange the equivalent circuit as follows
Resistance
Actual rotor equivalent to
resistance mechanical load
Three modes of operation of induction motor
Motoring mode ?
Generating mode ?
Plugging ?
Three modes of operation of
induction machine
Complete Speed-torque charecterstics
Squirrel cage rotors
• Deep bar rotors
More Rac/ Rdc
low L and
high current
Deep bar rotor characteristics

High L and
low current
Squirrel cage rotors..
• Double cage rotors
Low A , high R and
low I during starting
High A , low R and Upper cage

Lower cage
high current
during running
Double cage rotor bars and equivalent
circuit
Speed control of induction motor
• Pole changing
• Auto transformer voltage controller
• Solid state voltage controller
Starting of IM
(i) Direct-on-line starting
(ii) Stator resistance starting

Cage type IM
(iii) Autotransformer starting
(iv) Star-delta starting
(v) Rotor resistance starting Wound Rotor IM

Autotransformer starting
 Consider a star-connected squirrel-cage
induction motor. If V is the line voltage,
then voltage across motor phase on direct
switching is V/1.732 and starting current is
Ist = Isc.
 In case of autotransformer, if a tapping of
transformation ratio K (a fraction) is used,
then phase voltage across motor is K*V
/1.732 and Ist = K Isc,
Star-delta starting
Star delta starting..
• Note that in star-delta starting, the starting line current is reduced to
one-third as compared to starting with the winding delta connected.
Further, starting torque is reduced to one-third of that obtainable by
direct delta starting. This method is cheap but limited to applications
where high starting torque is not necessary e.g., machine tools,
pumps etc.
In direct delta starting,
• Starting current/phase, Isc = V/Zsc where V = line voltage
• Starting line current = 1.732* Isc
Star delta starting…
In star starting, we have,
Determination of Induction motor
parameters
• Due to the similarity between the induction motor equivalent circuit
and the transformer equivalent circuit, same tests are used to
determine the values of the motor parameters.
• DC test: determine the stator resistance R1
• No-load test: determine the rotational losses and magnetization current

(similar to no-load test in Transformers).
• Locked-rotor test: determine the rotor and stator impedances (similar to
short-circuit test in Transformers).
No-load test
1. The motor is allowed to spin freely
2. The only load on the motor is the friction and windage losses,
so all Pconv is consumed by mechanical losses
3. The slip is very small

No-load test
4. At this small slip
The equivalent circuit reduces to…

No-load test
5. Combining Rc & RF+W we get……

No-load test
6. At the no-load conditions, the input power measured by meters must equal
the losses in the motor.
7. The PRCL is negligible because I2 is extremely small because R2(1-s)/s is very
large.
8. The input power equals
Pin  PSCL  Pcore  PF &W
 3I12 R1  Prot
Where
Prot  Pcore  PF &W
No-load test
9. The equivalent input impedance is thus approximately
V
Z eq   X1  X M
I1, nl
If X1 can be found, then the magnetizing impedance XM will

be known.
Blocked-rotor test
• In this test, the rotor is locked or blocked so that it cannot move, a
voltage is applied to the motor, and the resulting voltage, current and
power are measured.
Single phase induction motors
Single phase IM
• One of the most common types of residential and commercial loads

fans, refrigerator compressors etc.
• Usually rated at less than one horse-power  Fractional horse-power
machine
• Much simpler in construction but much more difficult to analyze
Single phase IM
Schematic of single phase IM

Types of single phase IM
• split-phase motor
• capacitor-start motor
• capacitor-start capacitor-run motor
• Permanent split-capacitor motor
• Shaded pole motor
Split-Phase Motor
(a) Schematic representation and (b) speed-torque characteristic of a split

phase motor.
Split-Phase Motor
• This is one of the most widely used induction motors for mechanical
applications in the fractional horsepower range.
• The motor employs two separate windings that are placed in space
quadrature and are connected in parallel to a single-phase source.
• One winding, known as the main winding, has a low resistance and
high inductance.
• This winding carries current and establishes the needed flux at the
rated speed.
Split phase motor..
• The second winding, called the auxiliary winding, has a high
resistance and low inductance. This winding is disconnected from the
supply when the motor attains a speed of nearly 75% of its
synchronous speed.
• A centrifugal switch is commonly used to disconnect the auxiliary
winding from the source at a predetermined speed. The
disconnection is necessary to avoid the excessive power loss in the
auxiliary winding at full load.
Split phase motor..
• The starting torque developed by a split-phase motor is typically 150%
to 200% of the full-load torque. The starting current is about 6 to 8
times the fullload current.
Capacitor start Motor
(a) Schematic representation and (b) speed-torque

characteristic of a capacitor-start motor.
Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motor
(a) Schematic representation and (b) speed-torque

characteristic of a cap-start cap-run motor.
Permanent Split-Capacitor Motor
(a) Schematic representation and (b) speed-torque characteristic of a

permanent-split capacitor motor.
Applications of Stepper Motor
Application of Hysteresis motor
Application of servo motor

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Induction Machine

 A induction machine can be used as either induction generator or a

Main features: cheap and low maintenance

Deep bar rotor characteristics

High A , low R and Upper cage

(ii) Stator resistance starting

(iv) Star-delta starting

(v) Rotor resistance starting Wound Rotor IM

• No-load test: determine the rotational losses and magnetization current

1. The motor is allowed to spin freely

3. The slip is very small

4. At this small slip

The equivalent circuit reduces to…

5. Combining Rc & RF+W we get……

If X1 can be found, then the magnetizing impedance XM will

• One of the most common types of residential and commercial loads

Schematic of single phase IM

(a) Schematic representation and (b) speed-torque characteristic of a split

(a) Schematic representation and (b) speed-torque

(a) Schematic representation and (b) speed-torque

(a) Schematic representation and (b) speed-torque characteristic of a

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