Optics
By Irfan Cahya
Concept Map Optics
LUP Periscope
eye microscope Camera
(magnifying &
glass) Telescope
Object is
Eye defect Part of Eye real,
inversed and
minimized
Myopia, hypermetropia presbiopya astigmatism Projector
Definition of Optic
• Tools that work based refraction and
reflection Principe is an optic.
• Camera, LUP, glasses, telescope, periscope,
microscope, eye and many more. Even
synthetic eye lens now human can made.
• By using optic we can see a very small or very
far object.
A. Eye
• Why do the eye included into optics? How do
eye work? Firstly we must know the part of
eye.
A.1. Part of eye from the outer front:
– Cornea is the outer part of the eye ball. Thin and
clear layer and can be penetrate by light.
– Aqueous humor is a clear transparent liquid
located after the cornea to refract lights that
enters the eye.
– Iris is a circle shaped muscle that has pigment.
That cause the eye to have color. Such as blue,
brown or black.
– pupil looks like a hole inside the iris. Pupil
regulates light. More light entering the eye
narrower the pupil be. And the pupil will be wider
if there are less light.
– Eye lens is clear and elastic. It has function to
control the refraction caused by aqueous humor
form virtual, inversed and minimized image
– Retina is a membrane functioned as image
catcher.
A.2. Accommodation power of
eye.
– Thing around us can be
seen if the image falls on
the retina. If not, the eye
lens can change it’s focus
so the image fall on the
retina. This is called the
accommodation power of
eye.
– Complex eyes can
distinguish shapes and
colors.
– Eyes are organs that detect
light, and send signals
along the optic nerve to
the visual and other areas
of the brain and identified
the image.
A.3. Eye Defect
• Eye problem can be happen but the problem
can be solved.
– Eye Defect
• Myopia
• Hypermetropia
• Presbiopya
• Astigmatism
Myopia
• Person who has myopia
cannot see a distant
object clearly. Because
the eye lens can’t be thin
so the image fall in front
of the retina.
• To help this person to see
normally we use concave
lens.
Hypermetropya
• Person who has
hypermetropia cannot
see a near object clearly.
Because the eye lens
can’t expand so the
image fall behind the
retina.
• To help this person to see
normally we use convex
lens.
Presbyopia
• Many people has this eye
defect when reach old age.
Because the eye lens become
weaker in the old age. The
suspect cannot see near or
distant object clearly. The
suspect probably become
nearly blind.
• To help this person to see
normally we use double lens.
Concave lens upper and
convex lens in the lower side
of concave lens.
Astigmatism
• People who suffered this.
Cannot see clearly vertical or
horizontal lines
simultaneously. Because of
imperfectness of the cornea
curve.
• Use of cylindrical lens can
help the suffered.
– All of the previous explanation
is clear isn’t it?
B. LUP
image
object
P F
eye
C. Microscope
• Microscope is consist of two
convex lens, ocular and
objective. Microscope used
to observe very-very small
object better than LUP.
• Ocular lens is near the eye
when we use microscope
but, objective lens is near
the object observed.
• Object’s magnifying= ocular
lens magnifying times
objective lens magnifying.
D. Periscope & Telescope
D.1. Periscope
– Used to see a distant object in several angel.
Usually used in submarine or tank.
– Has cylindrical shape.
– Consist of two prism or mirror in each edges.
D.2. Telescope
– There are 2 kinds of telescope they are: refraction
telescope and reflection telescope.
Refraction Telescope
– Telescope consist of several lenses and only refract
the coming light.
Reflection Telescope
– Consist of concave mirrors to collect the
coming lights, flat mirror to reflect the light
from concave mirror and convex lens.
D.2a. Refraction Telescopes
• i.e. Astronomical Telescope, is similar to
microscope but larger and used to observe sky,
or space objects.
• Earth Telescope, used to observe objects on
earth that very far from the observer. Consist
of objective lens, ocular lens and inverter lens.
• Prism Telescope, named prism telescope
because of using pair of right prism as image
inverter. Similar to earth telescope but, it use
pairs of prism to invert image.
D.2b. Reflection Telescopes
– Ever you watch “Batman & Robin” movie?
Gotham city has a reflection telescope that
collect light from the sun to save Gotham
citizens from “never melt ice”. It wasn’t the
purpose of the telescope. It must be used
as astronomical telescope.
E. Camera
• Camera often used to record
an event as photos or videos.
The image formed by camera
is same as human eye. Real,
inversed and minimized.
• By the development of
technology, there is many
kind of camera. Pocket
camera, digital camera,
camera in hand phone,
manual camera, automatic
camera and so on.
• In pocket camera, focus
distance of lens can’t be
changed, while in other
camera can be changed.
E.1 Camera
Consist of:
• Commonly, camera consist of convex lens to
focus the image so the image will fall only to
the image catcher.
• Diaphragm, has function to regulates the light
entering.
• Aperture, a slit formed by diaphragm. Light
enters through aperture. And influence the
focused area camera.
F. Projector
• Projector is an optical instrument used to project an object or
figure to screen. There are two kinds of projector Episcope
and Diascope.
– f.1 Episcope is a projector that consist of lamp bulbs as
the lighter and combination of concave mirror, flat mirror
and convex lens to project opaque figures. Such as photo,
and poster brochure
– f.2 Diascope is a projector used to project transparent
figure, this diascope separated into three kind. They are
slide projector, film projector and over head projector.
These three projectors has same has a same mechanism.
• LCD overhead projector has been developed and were used
commonly.
• LCD overhead projector is A liquid-crystal panel mounted in a
plastic frame was placed on top of the overhead projector
and connected to the video output of the computer, often
splitting off the normal monitor output. A cooling fan in the
frame of the LCD panel would blow cooling air across the LCD
to prevent overheating that would fog the image. To display
images, LCD (liquid crystal display) projectors typically send
light from a Metal halide lamp through a prism that separates
light to three poly silicone panels -- one each for the red,
green, and blue components of the video signal. As polarized
light passes through the panels (combination of polarizer, LCD
panel and analyzer), individual pixels can be opened to allow
light to pass or closed to block the light. The combination of
open and closed pixels can produce a wide range of colors
and shades in the projected image.
Overhead projector
Episcope projector
Forming image in Concave & Convex
• Note: Lens
– f is positive for convex lens • S image= distance of image
and negative for concave from
lens. • S object= distance of object
– For real object, distance of from lens
object from lens is positive. • f = distance of focus point
For virtual object, distance
of image from lens is
negative.
– for real image and image
behind the lens, “distance of
object from lens” is positive.
And opposite is negative.
• Magnifying image of concave lens and convex
lens:
• M=S object divided by S image
Thank you
