Module 1:KINEMATICS OF A

PARTICLE
 
Integration Method and Graphical
Method

CO1. Explain and use the principles governing

motion of particles.
CO2. Apply the concepts of kinematics of
particles to compute positions, velocities, and
accelerations of rigid bodies.
 PROCEDURES
 1. Understand the problem
 2. Solve for v(t) and s(t) using the indefinite
integral formula

 3. Solve for the constant of integration (C) using

the initial condition usually at time is zero.
 4. Substitute C to equation in 3rd step.
 5. Substitute the value of t for any time interval.
P1. The acceleration of a particle is given by a = 4t -
30, where a is in meters per second squared and t is
in seconds. Determine the velocity and displacement
as functions of time. The initial displacement at t = 0
is s0 = -5 m, and the initial velocity is v0 = 3 m/s.
 Example 2. The velocity of a particle is
modelled by v(t) = 3t2 + 5t , where t is measured
in seconds. Find the displacement of the
particle after 5 seconds
s =∫05 [ 3t2 + 5t ]dt
s = [ t3 + 5t2/2 ]05
s = 125 + 125/2
s = 375/2 m
Module 2:KINEMATICS OF A
PARTICLE
 
Integration Method and Graphical
Method

CO1. Explain and use the principles governing

motion of particles.
CO2. Apply the concepts of kinematics of
particles to compute positions, velocities, and
accelerations of rigid bodies.
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Given the x-t curve, slope at any point is
Given the v-t curve, slope at any point is

Given the a-t curve, slope at any point is m=

da/dt
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Given the a-t curve, the change in velocity
between t1 and t2 is equal to the area under
the a-t curve between t1 and t2.
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Given the v-t curve, the change in position
between t1 and t2 is equal to the area under
the v-t curve between t1 and t2. :
 Procedures
 Displacement at any time t
 1. Sketch the graph of v-t curve.
 2. Apply integration and solve for constant of
integration.
 3. For displacement at any time t plug in the value on
equation in procedure 2
 4. Note: You can apply direct integration if there is no
initial condition
 Net Displacement and Distance
 4. Sketch the graph of v-t curve.
 5. For net displacement solve for the total area under
the curve. Take note of x-intercept.
 6 For total distance solve for the absolute area under
P1. The velocity-time graph for a car journey is shown in the graph. Find
the total distance travelled by the car, where tt is in hours and vv is
in  km h−1 km h−1.
 P2. Find the distance travelled by a car with a
velocity v(t)=2t+5, where t is in hours and v is in km/
hr for the first 5 hours.
 P3. A particle moving along the s-axis has a velocity given
by v = 18 - 2t2 ft/sec, where t is in seconds. When t = 0, the
position of the particle is given by s0 = -3 ft. For the first 5
seconds of motion, determine the total distance D traveled, the
net displacement Δs, and the value of s at the end of the
interval.
Practice Problems
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Problem:
 The motion of a particle is defined by the
relation 1 3
x  t  36t
3
where x is expressed in feet and t in seconds.
 (a) Find the average acceleration during the
4th second. (b) When the particle reverses its
direction, what is its acceleration? (Ans. 7
fps2, 12 fps2)
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Exercise:
 The acceleration of a particle is defined by
the relation
2
a  9  3t
 The particle starts at t=0 with v=0 and
x=10m. Determine (a) the time when the
velocity is again zero, (b) the position and
velocity when t=5s , (c) the total distance
traveled by the particle from t=0 to t=5s.
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Exercise:
 A minivan is tested for acceleration and braking. In
the street-start acceleration test, the elapsed time
is 8.2s for a velocity increase from 10km/h to
100km/h. In the braking test, the distance traveled
is 44m during braking to a stop from 100km/h.
Determine
 (a) the acceleration during street-start test,
 (b) the deceleration during the braking test.
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Exercise:
 Cars A and B are traveling in adjacent highway lanes
and at t=0 have the position and speeds shown.
Knowing that car A has a constant acceleration of
0.6m/s2 and that B has a constant deceleration of
0.4m/s2, determine
 (a) when and where A will overtake B,
 (b) the speed of each car at that time.
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Sample Problem:
 A particle moves in a straight line with a
constant acceleration of -2.5 m/s2 for 6s, zero
acceleration for the next 5s, and a constant
acceleration of 3 m/s2 for 4s. Knowing that the
particle starts from the origin and that its
velocity is 4 m/s during the zero acceleration
time interval, draw the (a) a-t, (b) v-t, and (c)
x-t curves, and (d) determine the position and
the velocity of the particle and the total
distance traveled when t = 15s.
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Example:
 Consider an object that moves with a constant
velocity of +5 m/s for a time period of 5 seconds
and then accelerates to a final velocity of +15
m/s over the next 5 seconds. Draw the (a) v-t,
(b) a-t, and (c) x-t curves, and (d) determine the
distance travelled by the object.
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Answer:

Rectangle Triangle
Area = base * height Area = 0.5 * base * height
Area = (10 s) * (5 m/s) Area = 0.5 * (5 s) * (10 m/s)

Area = 50 m Area = 25 m

The total area (rectangle plus triangle) is equal to 75 m.

Thus the displacement of the object is 75 meters during the
10 seconds of motion.
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Answer:

Since this motion has two separate acceleration stages, any kinematic analysis
requires that the motion parameters for the first 5 seconds not be mixed with the
motion parameters for the last 5 seconds.

a = 0 m/s2
a = 2 m/s2

The total displacement during the first 10

seconds of motion is 75 meters
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Example:
 A subway car leaves station A; it gains speed
at the rate of 4 ft/s2 for 6 s and then at the
rate of 6 ft/s2 until it has reached the speed
of 48 ft/s. The car maintains the same speed
for a while, brakes are then applied giving the
car a constant deceleration and bringing it to
a stop in 6 s. The total running time from A
to B is 40 s. Draw the (a) a-t, (b) v-t, and (c)
x-t curves, and (d) determine the distance
between stations A and B.
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Answer:
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Answer:
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Exercise:
 Otto Emissions is driving his car at 25.0 m/s. Otto
accelerates at 2.0 m/s2 for 5 seconds. Otto then
maintains a constant velocity for 10.0 more seconds.
 (a) Represent the 15 seconds of Otto Emission's
motion by sketching a velocity-time graph. Use the
graph to determine the distance that Otto traveled
during the entire 15 seconds.
 (b) Finally, break the motion into its two segments
and use kinematic equations to calculate the total
distance traveled during the entire 15 seconds.
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Exercise:
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Exercise:
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Other Graphical Methods:

• Moment-area method to determine particle position

at time t directly from the a-t curve:
x1  x0  area under v  t curve
v1
 v0t1   t1  t dv
v0

using dv = a dt ,
v1
x1  x0  v0t1   t1  t  a dt
v0
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Other Graphical Methods:

v1
 t1  t  a dt  first moment of area under a-t curve
v0 with respect to t = t1 line.

x1  x0  v0t1  area under a-t curvet1  t 

t  abscissa of centroid C
 GRAPHICAL SOLUTION OF
RECTILINEAR MOTION
 Exercise:
 An elevator starts from rest and rises 40 m
to its maximum velocity in T s with the
acceleration record shown below. Determine
(a) the required time T, (b) the maximum
velocity, (c) the velocity and position of the
elevator at t=T/2.
PREPARATION FOR THE COURSE
 Effective Listening
PREPARATION FOR THE COURSE
 TEXTBOOK
Merriam, James L., Kraige, L.G. and Jeffrey N. Bolton. (2018). Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics,
Enhanced eText 9e. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
REFERENCES

e-Books

Beer, Ferdinand P., E. Russel Johnston Jr. , David F. Mazurek, Phillip J. Cornwell and Brian P. Self
(2018). Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics 12e. New York: The McGraw Hill. Co.
Hibbler, Russel C. (2016). The Engineering Mechanics: Statics and Dynamics Series 14e.
Pearson.
Tongue, Benson H. and Daniel T. Kawano. (2017). Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics. Wiley
Global Education US.
Websites
www.coursera.org
https://clir.mcl.edu.ph/
References:
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-01sc-classical-mechanics-fall-2016/week-1-kin
ematics/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yg-xK9rlNyE
https://iitutor.com/kinematics-using-integration/
http://kokminglee.125mb.com/math/integrationkinematics.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yg-xK9rlNyE