Introduction to

Quantitative
Research
Ms. Jeiyl Carl Galvez Perucho
Wich is which
Qualitative Quantitative

generally concerned with understanding based on the measurement or quantity

phenomenon relating to or involving quality or
Quali vs. Quanti

kind

Qualitative Quantitative

more of describing a phenomenon in a narrative; a more formal, objective, and systematic approach
hence, the data collected can be in the form of words, to obtaining answers to a question or problem of
images, or transcripts taken from a small sample, not the study.
generalizable to the population.

Know your research goals and decide!

Quantitative
Research

High
Quantitative research uses scientifically
collected and statistically analyzed data
to investigate observable phenomena. A
phenomenon is any existing or
observable fact or situation that we want
to unearth further or understand. It is
scientific for the fact that it uses a
scientific method in designing and
Low

collecting numerical data.

Low High
 1. Large Sample Size.

2. Objectivity.

Characteristics
3. Concise Visual
of Quantitative
Research Presentation
 4. Faster Data Analysis.

5. Generalized Data.

Characteristics
6. Fast and Easy Data
of Quantitative
Research Collection.
 7. Reliable Data.

Characteristics 8. High Replicability.

of Quantitative
Research
 Advantages Disadvantages
• Very objective • It lacks the necessary data to
• Numerical and quantifiable explore a problem or concept in
data can be used to predict depth.
• outcomes. • It does not provide comprehensive
• Findings are generalizable to • explanation of human experiences.
the population. • Some information cannot be
• There is conclusive described by numerical data such
establishment of cause and • as feelings, and beliefs.
• The research design is rigid and not
effect
• very flexible.
Fast and easy data analysis
• The participants are limited to
using statistical software.
choose only from the given
Advantages •
•
Fast and easy data gathering
Quantitative research can be •
responses.
The respondents may tend to
and •
replicated or repeated.
Validity and reliability can be •
provide inaccurate responses.
A large sample size makes data

Disadvantages established collection more costly.

Low EFFORT High

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Kinds of
Quantitative is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in

Research Descriptive Design nature. There is no experimental manipulation, and the researcher does not
start with a hypothesis. The goal of descriptive research is only to describe the
person or object of the study. An example of descriptive research design is “the
determination of the different kinds of physical activities and how often high
school students do it during the quarantine period.”

identifies the relationship between variables. Data is collected by

observation since it does not consider the cause and effect, for
Correlational Design example, the relationship between the amount of physical activity
done and student academic achievement.

is used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events

and present conditions. The term “Ex post facto” which means after the
fact, looks at the possible causes of an already occurring phenomenon.
Ex post facto Design Just like the first two, there is no experimental manipulation in this
design. An example of this is “How does the parent’s academic
achievement affect the children obesity?”
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Kinds of
Quantitative is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of variables. Although it
Research resembles the experimental design, the quasi-experimental has lesser validity
due to the absence of random selection and assignment of subjects. Here, the
independent variable is identified but not manipulated. The researcher does not
Quasi-experimental modify pre-existing groups of subjects. The group exposed to treatment
(experimental) is compared to the group unexposed to treatment (control):
example, the effects of unemployment on attitude towards following safety
protocol in ECQ declared areas.

like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause-and-effect

relationship of two or more variables. This design provides a more
conclusive result because it uses random assignment of subjects and
Experimental Design experimental manipulations. For example, a comparison of the effects
of various blended learning to the reading comprehension of
elementary pupils.

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Formulating
Recommendations
based on
Conclusions
 Field
S o cial S cie n c e •
Contribution/Application
Show effects of intervention to
group behavior
Example
The e ffe c ts of pandemic
on social behavior and
Importance of
•

•
Understand cultural or ra cial
conflicts
Human satisfaction and
economic stability
Quantitative Research
Natural and
Sciences
P h ysic al •
Stressors
Investigate the effectiveness of
a product or treatment to
Antidiabetic properties of
common Philippine herbs
Across Fields
HIGH IMPACT

illn e ss e s
• Finding or enhancing alternative
energy sources
• Advancement In material
science
Agriculture and • In cre a s e th e yield o f c ro p s The effectiveness of
Fisheries • Prevent and cure crops and organic an d inorganic
livestock diseases fertilizer to vegetable
production
Sports • Enhance athletic performance Diet and exercise
techniques for different
LOW IMPACT

kinds of sports
Business • Offer device marketing Effectiveness of Facebook
strategies ads on sales.
• Improve marketability
Relationshi
Arts and Design • Show p between The effects of music on
color and architectural space learning and behavior.
• Maximize use of Multimedia and
adaptation for recreation,
business marketing and lifestyle
changes.
Environmental Science • Determine Cause and effects of The environmental factors
climate change affecting natural calamities

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Variables
 A Variable is anything that has a quantity or
quality that varies.

The dependent variable is the A variable that affects the

variable that is being measured relationship between the
or tested in an experiment. A variable that stands alone and independent and dependent
isn’t affected by other variables variables. A confounding
For example, in a study looking that the study is trying to variable in the example of car
at how tutoring impacts test understand. Independent exhaust and asthma would be
scores, the dependent variable variables influence dependent differential exposure to other
would be the participants' test variables. factors that increase respiratory
scores, since that is what is issues, like cigarette smoke or
being measured. particulates from factories.

Dependent Variable Independent Variable Confounding Variable

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The variables can also be classified according to their nature. The diagram below
shows the different classifications:

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 Quantitative Variables
Discrete variables
are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values or values between fixed points. For example:
number of students in a class, group size and frequency.

Continuous variables
take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a positive or a negative. Example: height,
temperature.

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 Qualitative Variables
Dichotomous

consists of only two distinct categories or values, for example, a response to a question either be a yes or no.

Nominal
simply defines groups of subjects. In here, you may have more than 2 categories of equivalent magnitude.
For example, a basketball player’s number is used to distinguish him from other players. It certainly does not
follow that player 10 is better than player 8.

Ordinal
denotes that a variable is ranked in a certain order. This variable can have a qualitative or quantitative
attribute. For example, a Ordinalsurvey questionnaire may have a numerical rating as choices like 1, 2, 3, 4,
5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical rating like strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree
and strongly disagree. Other examples or ordinal variable: cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify
Top 20 hits, academic honors (with highest, with high, with honors).
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