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Basic Concepts in Sampling and Sampling Techniques

The document discusses key concepts in sampling and sampling techniques. It defines important terms like universe, population, sample, parameter, and statistic. It explains that sampling is used to make generalizations about populations with reduced cost, greater efficiency and scope. There are two main types of samples: probability samples which allow for valid statistical inference, and non-probability samples which should not be used for inference. Common probability sampling techniques include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, and cluster sampling.

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Leah Moyao-Donato
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431 views22 pages

Basic Concepts in Sampling and Sampling Techniques

The document discusses key concepts in sampling and sampling techniques. It defines important terms like universe, population, sample, parameter, and statistic. It explains that sampling is used to make generalizations about populations with reduced cost, greater efficiency and scope. There are two main types of samples: probability samples which allow for valid statistical inference, and non-probability samples which should not be used for inference. Common probability sampling techniques include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, and cluster sampling.

Uploaded by

Leah Moyao-Donato
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC CONCEPTS IN

SAMPLING AND SAMPLING


TECHNIQUES
Research and Statistics

1
Basic Terms
UNIVERSE – the set of all entities under study
VARIABLE – attribute of interest observable on
each entity in the universe
POPULATION – the set of all possible values
of the variable
SAMPLE – subset of the universe or the
population

2
Basic Terms
SAMPLING – the process of selecting a sample
PARAMETER – descriptive measure of the
population
STATISTIC – descriptive measure of the sample
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS – concerned with
making generalizations about parameters using
statistics

3
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Sample

Sampling Data
Process

Inferences/Generalization
(Subject to Uncertainty)
Universe

4
WHY DO WE USE SAMPLES?
1. Reduced Cost
2. Greater Speed or Timeliness
3. Greater Efficiency and Accuracy
4. Greater Scope
5. Convenience
6. Necessity
7. Ethical Considerations
5
TWO TYPES OF SAMPLES

1. Probability sample
2. Non-probability sample

6
PROBABILITY SAMPLES

Samples are obtained using some


objective chance mechanism, thus
involving randomization.
They require the use of a complete
listing of the elements of the
universe called the sampling
frame.
7
PROBABILITY SAMPLES

The probabilities of selection are


known.
They are generally referred to as
random samples.
They allow drawing of valid
generalizations about the
universe/population.
8
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLES

Samples are obtained


haphazardly, selected purposively
or are taken as volunteers.
The probabilities of selection are
unknown.

9
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLES

They should not be used for


statistical inference.
They result from the use of
judgment sampling, accidental
sampling, purposively sampling,
and the like.

10
BASIC SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Simple Random Sampling


Stratified Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling

11
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

Most basic method of drawing a


probability sample
Assigns equal probabilities of
selection to each possible sample
Results to a simple random sample

12
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

The universe is divided into L


mutually exclusive sub-universes
called strata.
Independent simple random
samples are obtained from each Slide No. 3.14
stratum.
L L
Note: N   Nh n   nh Slide No. 3.15
h 1 h 1

13
ILLUSTRATION

B B

C
D

Slide No. 3.13

14
Advantages of Stratification

1. It gives a better cross-section of the population.


2. It simplifies the administration of the survey/data
gathering.
3. The nature of the population dictates some inherent
stratification.
4. It allows one to draw inferences for various subdivisions
of the population.
5. Generally, it increases the precision of the estimates.

15
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Adopts a skipping pattern in the selection
of sample units
Gives a better cross-section if the listing is
linear in trend but has high risk of bias if
there is periodicity in the listing of units in
the sampling frame
Allows the simultaneous listing and
selection of samples in one operation
16
ILLUSTRATION

Systematic
Sample

Population 17
CLUSTER SAMPLING
It considers a universe divided into N
mutually exclusive sub-groups called
clusters.
A random sample of n clusters is selected
and their elements are completely
enumerated.
It has simpler frame requirements.
It is administratively convenient to
implement.
18
ILLUSTRATION
Population
Cluster Sample

19
SIMPLE TWO-STAGE SAMPLING

In the first stage, the units are grouped into N sub-


groups, called primary sampling units (psu’s) and
a simple random sample of n psu’s are selected.
Illustration: 


 A PRIMARY SAMPLING
UNIT

20
SIMPLE TWO-STAGE SAMPLING
In the second stage, from each of the n psu’s
selected with Mi elements, simple random sample
of mi units, called secondary sampling units ssu’s,
will be obtained.
Illustration:

A SECONDARY
SAMPLING UNIT
SAMPLE
21
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. Purposive Sampling
2. Convenience Sampling
3. Quota Sampling
4. Volunteer Sampling
5. Accidental Sampling

22

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